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Shrimp Diseases

Provides information related to shrimp diseases and its treatments


White spot syndrome
White spot syndrome (WSS) is a viral infection of penaeid shrimp. The disease is highly lethal and contagious, killing shrimps quickly.



Outbreaks of this disease have wiped out within a few days the entire populations of many shrimp farms throughout the world. The disease is caused by a family of related viruses subsumed as the White Spot Syndrome Baculovirus Complex (WSSV) and the disease caused by them as white spot syndrome (WSS).

Viral Genetic Variation: Implications For Disease Diagnosis And Detection Of Shrimp Pathogens
During the past 10 years, the shrimp farming industry in the Asia-Pacific region and in the Americas has experienced the devastating impact of successive panzootics of viral disease (Chamberlain, 1999). In the ongoing effort to control and prevent these diseases, molecular methods are finding increasing application for differential diagnosis, epidemiological investigations and screening of covert infections in hatcheries and on farms. Methods such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), dot-blot hybridisation (DBH) and in situ hybridisation (ISH) have now been developed for a wide range of shrimp viruses and a number of significant bacterial pathogens (Lightner and Redman, 1998).




Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV)
Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV) has had a devastating economic impact on the shrimp aquaculture industry of the Americas since its initial recognition in the early 1990s. TSV is a 30 to 32 nm, icosahedral virus particle containing positive-sense, single-stranded RNA of about 10.2 kb in length. Initially the virus was allied with the family Picornaviridae. However, TSV is more closely related to the cricket paralysis-like viruses (CrPV-like viruses) and is a member of the “picornavirus superfamily,” the family Dicistroviridae and the genus Cripavirus.

Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis (NHP)
Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis, NHP, is a severe bacterial disease affecting penaeid shrimp aquaculture. NHP was first reported in 1985 from shrimp ponds in Texas, USA, and resulted in significant mortalities and devastating losses to shrimp crops. NHP has since been observed in penaeid shrimp aquaculture in Central and South American countries and is possibly in the Eastern Hemisphere as well. Elevated salinity and temperature appear to be factors associated with NHP outbreaks. Reported hosts are Litopenaeus vannamei, L. setiferus, L. stylirostris, Farfantepenaeus aztecus and F. californiensis.

A Review on Shrimp Immunity and Disease Control
The sustainability and development of shrimp aquaculture are largely at stake as significant ecological and pathological problems are increasing in the vast majority of the shrimp producing countries. Prevention and control of diseases are now the priority for the durability of this industry. Within the past decade, intensification of the shrimp production, based on progress in zootechnology, has increased but with little corresponding increase in scientific knowledge of shrimp physiology.

Disease Control in Shrimp Aquaculture with Probiotic Bacteria
Shrimp aquaculture production in much of the world is depressed by disease, particularly caused by luminous Vibrio and/or viruses. Antibiotics, which have been used in large quantities, are in many cases ineffective, or result in increases in virulence of pathogens and, furthermore, are cause for concern in promoting transfer of antibiotic resistance to human pathogens. Probiotic technology provides a solution to these problems.

Prevention of Black GillDisease in Marine Shrimp
The best way to stop the occurrence of black gill disease in shrimp ponds is to keep shrimp healthy. Three parts of shrimp pond management are most important for
keeping shrimp healthy and free of black gill disease. They are: pond preparation; feeding; water quality management and sludge removal.

Black Death, A Disease Syendrome of Penaeid Shrimp related to A Dietary Deficiency of Ascorbic Acid
California brown shrimp (Penaeus californiensis) fed a diet low in or without added L-ascorbic acid, developed blackened lesions (after 6 to 8 weeks in the subcuticular tissues of the general body surface, in the walls of the esophagus, stomach and hindgut, and in the gills and gill cavity. The condition has been previously observed in tank and raceway-reared P. californiensis and P. aztecus, often in epizootic proportions, and has been named black death disease.

An Infectious Viral Disease of Penaeid Shrimp Newly Found in Korea
Since 1993, massive mortalities have occurred among the penaeid shrimp Penaeus orientalis cultured in Korea. The major gross findings of the naturally occurring cases were 2 to 6 mm sized white spots on the inside of the carapace and reddish discolorization. Amphophilic to basophillc intranuclear inclusion bodies were readily observed in the epithelia of epidermis, foregut, gills, and lymphoid organs.

Effect of Fucoidan on Disease Resistance of Black Tiger Shrimp
Oral administration of crude fucoidan (CF) extracted from Sargassum polycystum can reduce the impact of White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in Penaeus monodon. Crude fucoidan mixed with diet for shrimps weighing of 5–8 and 12–15 g was fed before and after WSSV infection. After 10 days of infection, the maximum survival rates of shrimps of 5–8 and 12–15 g were 46% and 93%, respectively. The crude fucoidan also inhibited the growth of Vibrio harveyi, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) of 12.0,
12.0 and 6.0 mg/ml, respectively.

Black Spot Disease
The disease is caused by Benekea sp which attack main component of the cell walls of the exoskeletons of arthropods. The early stages, lesions are small brown spots, ulcers after lesions gradually become black. Bacterial will destroyed muscle tissues under the shell. The most common bacterial infected area is the gill, abdominal muscle belly, tail section and gastropods. Seriously infected will just lie on its side, only gastropods and gills in motion.

Shrimp Immunity and Disease Control
The sustainability and development of shrimp aquaculture are largely at stake as significant ecological and pathological problems are increasing in the vast majority of the shrimp producing countries. Prevention and control of diseases are now the priority for the durability of this industry. Within the past decade, intensification of the shrimp production, based on progress in zootechnology, has increased but with little corresponding increase in scientific knowledge of shrimp physiology. Within this field, shrimp immunology is a key element in establishing strategies for the control of diseases in shrimp aquaculture.
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