Shrimp Feeding Frequency

Shrimp feeding frequency is a part of feeding program which have strategic meaning on determine a successfully of feeding program within a shrimp culture period. Shrimp feeding frequency can be defined as how much times feeding activities to be done at one day.

The logical basic which can be used on arrange shrimp feeding frequency are:

1. Shrimp need level to feed always changes (fluctuate) based on time.
   
   
2. Shrimp appetite is not same at morning, day, afternoon, and night.
   
   
3. To avoid over feeding, because shrimp feeding frequency is a daily program, so the feeding can adjusted with shrimp need level. Effectively and efficiency of feeding program can controlled daily.

The arrangement of shrimp feeding frequency is a continuously program at a shrimp culture period (from fry cultivation stage to harvesting stage). To arrange shrimp feeding frequency is need an accurate monitoring to the real shrimp need level at specific time, some aspects which need to considered are :

1. Natural feed stock at fry cultivation stage. Like it have already discussed before, natural feed stock within pond water will affect to quantity of artificial feed estimation. In order to avoid minimized feed stock within pond water, there is need to implement a blind feeding.
   
   
2. The quantity daily feed, it is meaning a total weight of feed which it does be given at one day.
   
   
3. Feed size, it is mean a size of feed pellet in line with shrimp age.
   
   
4. Feeding time, it is mean a time allocation to implement feeding activity at one day. This is called a feeding frequency.
   
   
5. Feed percentage, this term is to show feed percentage which it will given at one time feeding equalized with total daily feed.
   
   
6. Anco feed percentage, this term is to show how much feed percentage at anco equalized with total feed quantity at one feeding time. This variable is used as standard of shrimp consume level.
   
   
7. Time of feed controlling at anco. This variable is a time limited to made a standard on decision making of shrimp consume level determination.

Several aspects like mentioned above are some variables which need to be considered on arranging shrimp feed frequency. As illustration an example of shrimp feed frequency can viewed on Example of Shrimp Feed Frequency.

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Shrimp Feeding Program

Basically, shrimp feeding program is a method of feeding to shrimp at a shrimp culture cycle period. This program also establish successfully level of spread all over shrimp culture especially related with cost production level. Based on this matter, shrimp feeding program arrangement is need accurately and exactly on determine shrimp need level to feed.

Several factors that need to be noticed on arrangement of shrimp feeding program mainly include : (i) kind of feed, (ii) feed size, (iii) feed quantity/weight, and (iv) feeding frequency.

One of standard that used to measure effectiveness and efficiency level of feeding program is Food Conversion Ratio (FCR) that is an equivalency between cumulative weights of feed that already given with shrimp biomass at specific time. As example: at a pond have already harvested with biomass = 1 (one) ton, while total weights of feed that already given is 2 (two) tons, so the FCR value = 2.

The standard value of FCR that many used to determine effectiveness and efficiency level of feeding program for intensive shrimp culture is FCR value between 1.8 – 2.5. With FCR value, we can estimate production cost for shrimp feed as well as sale price value at that time. The development of FCR value is need monitored at every conducted sampling of population and biomass periodically within one cycle of shrimp culture.

As illustration about feeding program can viewed on Example of Feeding Program. In order to make easier to understanding that illustration above, here it will explained several terminologies on that illustration:

1. PL = Post Larva, this term is to show a shrimp’s age and usually it’s expressed on age day. This variable is very important because shrimp need level to feed is always changes based on age increase .
   
   
2. ABW = Average Body Weight, this term is to show a shrimp’s average weight within pond at specific time. This variable can obtained through biomass sampling periodically..
   
   
3. SR = Survival Rate, this term is to show a shrimp’s survival level within pond at the specific time equalized with early fry density. This variable can obtained through population sampling periodically.
   
   
4. Crumble, this term is to show a kind of artificial feed with powder size to granule size.
   
   
5. Pellet, this term is to show a kind of artificial feed size with pellet size (small, medium, and big size).
   
   
6. Number of Feed (with specific coding), this term is to show a size of feed pellet. This number coding can be different between each shrimp feed companies
   
   
7. Blind Feeding, this term is to show a feeding activity without attention of feeding program and it’s implementation is depend on natural feed stock within pond water and usually it implemented at fry stage. The objective of blind feeding is to acquaint artificial feed to fry and to anticipate decreased natural feed within pond.

Based on illustration above, so it can be said that a feeding program at one shrimp culture period is a measurable and directed program with still refer on shrimp’s need level and shrimp’s condition at that time. Measurable is mean that every shrimp feeding activity always has quantity value that already determined based on monitoring and estimation. Directed, is mean that every shrimp feeding activity have standard of effectivity and efficiency that is Food Conversion Ratio (FCR).

In the other hand, if shrimps appearance at water surface or at ancho more much than ordinary, so it can made as an indicator that natural feed stock within water have already decreased or empty. This condition happen because the shrimps will try to look for a feed that its seldom to be found at pond water bottom, then at condition like this the shrimps usually to convoy activity at around pond boundary or too many appear at pond wall.

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1. Natural Feed for Shrimp - 02
   
2. Natural Feed for Shrimp - 01
   
3. Kind of Shrimp Feed Determination
   
4. Shrimp Feeding Management Program – Logical Basic
   
5. Shrimp Feeding Management Program – Background
   
6. We Follow the Shrimps not the Shrimps Follow Us !
   
7. Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?

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Natural Feed for Shrimp - 02

A basic point that need to noticed is a natural feed within pond water is a feed source that to be main choice for shrimps as long as it’s stock still enough for shrimp population within pond. This condition can be said : if a shrimp be given choices between artificial feed with natural feed, so a shrimp will choice natural feed within pond water.

The benefits of natural feed that can used as consideration matter to feeding management program, are among others :

1. The sufficiency of natural feed especially at early (fry stage) can keep survival rate of fry/young shrimp within pond.
   
   
2. The sufficiency of natural feed especially at early (fry stage) can resulting shrimp uniform size level within its population on same size.
   
   
3. The sufficiency of natural feed especially at early (fry stage) can resulting shrimp growth more faster.
   
   
4. The sufficiency of natural feed can reduce waste accumulation process, because utilization of artificial feed as a bigger waste contributor still limited.
   
   
5. The sufficiency of natural feed can reduce cost production, so it can affected to profit value.

A parameter that can used as criteria of natural feed stock within pond water is shrimps appearance at water surface as well as at ancho. Pond water with sufficient or abundant natural feed, the shrimps appearance process more slower than pond water with minimized natural feed stock. This condition happen because the shrimps more carry out their activities at water bottom to look for natural feed, so they infrequently appear at water surface as well as at ancho.

In the other hand, if shrimps appearance at water surface or at ancho more much than ordinary, so it can made as an indicator that natural feed stock within water have already decreased or empty. This condition happen because the shrimps will try to look for a feed that its seldom to be found at pond water bottom, then at condition like this the shrimps usually to convoy activity at around pond boundary or too many appear at pond wall.

Other parameter that can used as criteria of natural feed stock within pond water is through shrimp feces color monitoring that its found in intestine organ or at ancho. Shrimp feces that come from natural feed usually have dark/blackness color or depend on kind of natural feed. If based on monitoring result show that too many shrimps have feces with blackness color, so it can used as indicator that natural feed stock within pond water still sufficient.

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Natural Feed for Shrimp - 01

Preparation of natural feed for shrimp more be done at traditional shrimp culture with characteristic low density population and minimized technology application. Feeding program on traditional shrimp culture more depend on stock of natural feed within pond water, whereas artificial feed utilization just limited on feed that made by ownself with feeding frequency limited too.

At intensive shrimp culture with high density population and application of technology is more progressive, preparation of natural feed is more be attentioned for fry need. Natural feed prepared through optimization of cultivation area preparation in order to stimulate zooplankthon growth or other micro organic that functioned as natural feed for fry within pond water. The sufficiency stock of natural feed within pond be hoped can resulting a high survival rate for fry.

The kind of natural feed that usualy grow or to be bred within pond are among others:

1. Zooplankthon especially from diatomae kind. This biota can be monitored through visual monitoring or laboratorium monitoring. This natural feed more consumed by fry or young/small shrimp.
   
   
2. Bryophyte/algae. This kind of natural feed is aimed for adult/big shrimp. One point that important to be noticed is appearance of bryophyte/algae within pond need controlled accurately to its density, so they can not reasoning a serous problems for shrimp and water quality..A method that can be used to breed bryophyte/algae within pond is by placed bryophyte/algae at several wire transects or wood transects and so its be placed spread evenly within pond waters in order to easy monitoring to bryophyte/algae populaton through that transects.
   
   
3. Shells/mollusks. Like bryophyte/algae, the growth or breeding of shells/mollusks within pond water is need controlled accurately too especially for its density, because this biota is a plankthon feeder so its can affect to pond water quality management.
   
   
4. Rebon (Indonesian terminology = kind of small shrimp). This biota usually grow or breed by ownself within the pond water through water inlet channel at specific period.
   
   
5. Manure/detritus, there are pond water manure that come from leaves and fall then sink at pond bottom
   
   
6. Carcass of water biota at pond bottom. This kind of feed is more as result from natural process within pond with little numbers and incidentally.

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Kind of Shrimp Feed Determination

Like already discussed before, based on kind of feed the shrimp can be classified as omnivora, it’s mean the shrimp is a biota that consume all kind of feed within water especially that life at water bottom (demersal). In natural habitat, the kind of feed that consumed by shrimp are very various like detritus, water plant and water animal which have micro size as well as carcass of other water biota. The shrimp have characteristic to consume all feed that it found, and with this characteristic make the shrimp become cannibal to bait/consume the others.

On shrimp culture, the kind of feed that usually be given to shrimp, are among others:

1. Natural feed, it is a kind of feed that own grow or intentional,to be grown at pond water and they have characteristic like on its natural habitat.
   
   
2. Artificial feed, there is shrimp feed that made on industry scale with nutrition composition and nutrient in line with shrimp need and be given to supply a feed to pond considered with natural feed stock already reduced or empty.
   
   
3. Fresh feed, it is kind of feed that created from water animal/biota that already processed and be given to shrimp at fresh condition in order to improve quality and condition of shrimp or to increase shrimp appetite that indicated already infected by specific problem.
   
   
4. Additional feed, there is a feed like supplement and can be blended with artificial feed as well as separated in order to fulfill specific nutrition .

Although many kind of feed that can be given to shrimp, at implementation four kind of feed like mentioned above are often be used

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Shrimp's Feces as Indicator of Shrimp Condition

Shrimp's feces is a parameter that can used as indicator of shrimp condition especially related with shrimp appetite and shrimp healthy condition. Shrimp feces monitoring can be done at controlled ancho time simultaneously with controlled feeding program (to assess shrimp consumption level). Both of that activities (shrimp feces monitoring and controlled feeding program) are two related activities to assess relationship between feed affect to consumption level and shrimp condition).

Generally, assessment of shrimp's feces can monitored visually to form and color from shrimp feces. Both of parameters (form and color) can used as indicator to shrimp consumption level and shrimp healthy condition at that time. Based on form of shrimp's feces and it’s correlation to shrimp condition, practically are among others:

1. Shrimp's feces form is length and solid also unbroken. This condition is indicate that shrimp digestive system still on normal condition and shrimp appetite on good condition.
   
   
2. Shrimp's feces form is broken and solid. This condition is indicate that shrimp digestive system and shrimp appetite are beginning on trouble but shrimp condition is normally.
   
   
3. Shrimp's feces form is broken with mixed texture between solid and juiceness. This condition is indicate that shrimp already have a trouble on digestive system or it can be said that shrimp begin infected by disease
   
   
4. Shrimp's feces form is juiceness. This condition is indicate that shrimp already infected by disease at serious stadium, beside the shrimp already unconsumed anymore.

Other parameter that can be used to assess shrimp condition through shrimp feces is feces color. Shrimp feces color is very related with kind of feed that already consumed at specific time. Generally, shrimp’s feces color an it correlation to kind of feed, practically are :

1. Shrimp's feces color is dark/blackness. This condition is indicate that shrimp still consume natural feed, in another word stock of natural feed within pond water is enough for shrimps.
   
   
2. Shrimp's feces color is brown/brownish. This condition is indicate that shrimp already consumed artificial feed.
   
   
3. Shrimp's feces color is yellow to reddish. This condition is indicate that shrimp already consumed shrimp carcass or other carcass within pond water, in another word, within pond water already occurred mass death of shrimps

Both of parameters that can used on shrimp's feces monitoring like mentioned above, at it field implementation can combined between both of them to get exactly conclusion related with shrimp condition at that time. If it found abnormally indication related with appetite and health condition of shrimp, then a decision that can be taken is review implemented feeding program. In case the shrimp is infected by serious problem, then a decision must refer on harvesting with estimate cost production and profit level that will be obtained at that time.

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Shrimp Feeding Management Program – Logical Basic

The knowledgement of feeding habit and food habit as well as shrimp digestive organ is an important factors to prepare feeding program that will implemented within shrimp culture activities in order to create an efficient and effectiveness feeding program that can obtain profitable shrimp culture viewed from productivity . Several logical basic that can be used as consideration matter to explain importance feeding program, are :

1. Natural feed stock within pond water (closed ecosystem) is very limited from quality as well as quantity viewed from shrimp need level to carry out to growth.
   
   
2. Movement space of shrimp within water that limited by pond partition is very minimized, so it is impossible for shrimp to look for other feed alternatives from outside.
   
   
3. Shrimp feed is main supplier for nutrition and nutrients need with balanced composition that it’s required for shrimp growth within water and it’s can not be found through natural feed.
   
   
4. Shrimp feed viewed from financial aspect is an important factor in connection with production cost considered other factors, so a mistake implementation of feed program can reasoning a high production cost also it can reducing obtained profit value.
   
   
5. Shrimp feed is a bigger contributor for dirtiness of pond bottom through blackish muddy that resulted from shrimp metabolism process and feed residue that unconsumed by shrimp with he result that it can dangerous for shrimp.
   
   
6. Feed need level that already given can be used as estimation of shrimp population and biomass based on specific time period
   
   
7. Shrrimp feed can be functioned as organic matters that it can support for process to create and to stabilize pond water, especially at pond with high density population.

The discussion like mentioned above can give a view about importance of shrimp feeding program preparation within pond through an accurately estimaion and analysis of feed need based on monitoring and identification need level and shrimp condition in line with production cost level through shrimp feed that it will an already given. Several factors that need to noticed on shrimp feed program preparation, are among others :

1. Determining of kind of feed that will given. There include : natural feed, artificial feed, fresh feed and additional feeds.
   
   
2. Feed size, it’s mean the feed size must in line with age and shrimp condition within pond.
   
   
3. The quantity of feed that will be given must based on estimation of population and biomass also need level, condition and quality of shrimp at that time.
   
   
4. Daily feeding frequency must based on estimation of population and biomass also need level, condition and quality of shrimp at that time.

A basically point on feeding program prepation is a creation of condition to direct at a program that follow the shrimp, not in the contratry that the shrimp have to follow the program. The recommended feeding program is a program that arranged based on decision making that obtained through accurately and dinamic monitoring of shrimp condition and shrimp need in line with factually field comdition . On situation that shrimp have conditioned to follow feeding program, it be afraid that I can reason a problem especially for shrimp populaion and shrimp quality also undirecly for water quality.

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Shrimp Feeding Management Program – Background

In order to carry out the life, shrimp as creature is need food as energy source and nutrition that needed to take activities that include growth as well as reproduction. In natural habitat (common waters), shrimp food sources are already available and its related with food chain within the waters. Food availibilty in common waters give the shrimp to choice and to look for food resources without limited by dimension of space and time, whereas the shrimp that cultured within pond have not other alternatives to choice and to look for food sources because it’s move dimension and habitat limited by pond partition. This situation is direct the shrimp on a food dependency condition that supplied from outside, because natural food within pond waters more and more reducing in line with shrimp size increasingly, moreover at the specific moment natural food will become empty.

On intensive shrimp culture, shrimp dependency to food supply from outside will more increase because on high density population natural feed within pond waters more and more become empty and at condition like this shrimp canibalism process within pond more increase too. Shrimp feeding activity on intensive shrimp culture is very determine for successfully of shrimp culture refered to technical as well as financial. Basically, this activity have must refer to characteristics and shrimp behavior in connection with feeding habits and food habits of shrimp in order to take an accurate feeding program refer to effectively and shrimp need level.

Feeding habits is mean a consume behavior of shrimp include methods, time, area and feed need level based on it’s natural behavior. The explanaton of this are like mentioned bellow :

1. Methods. The shrimp on carry out to look for feed activities more rely on sence of smell than sence of sight, because as demersal biota that life at water bottom which low sun’s rays intencity level, sence of smell will more function than sence of sight. The shrimp usually interested with feed source that have putrid taste of fish and it’s can identified by shrimp through sence of smell and antenna that functioned as feel organ
   
   
2. Time. Like already discussed before, the shrimp is a nocturnal and phototaxis negative biota, this mean is the shrimp more disposed to carry out consume activities at night than daylight.
   
   
3. Area. Based on area/habitat, shrimp is a demersal biota or benthic biota that life and active at bottom waters so with this characteristic conditioned shrimp to look for feed at bottom too.
   
   
4. Need Level. The shrimp on it’s life cycle have need level fluctuation to feed especially relaed with age, kind of food and appetite. The fry more depend on natural feed there are zooplankthons and other micro organisms that available within waters. The shrimp at moulting process stage, it’s appetite become decrease drastically, but in the other hand after moulting process stage is finished, shrimp’s appetite will increase again and more greedy.

Food habits is mean as a consume behavior of shrimp viewed from kind of feed aspect that usually consumed by the shrimp.In natural habitat, the shrimp is an omnivora biota but more dominant to carnivora biota. This characteristic make shrimp as water biota that consume everything within waters, but more to animal consume. One of basic charateristic of shrimp is a canibalism, it make shrimp to consume a weak shrimp and carcass of other biota. Within water, shrimp have an inclination to choice a natural feed than artificial feed, as long as in the water stock of natural feed for shrimp still enough.

Viewed from physiologic, the parameters that related with feeding habit and food habit is digestive organ that it’s have specific characteristic considered with other organisms, so through this organ we can monitored quality and condition of shrimps based on shrimp appetite, The shrimp digestive organ, mainly can be divided on two part, there are :

1. Intestines. This organ is place on shrimp’s back and very clear to seen through visual monitoring. By this organ we can identified shtimp appetite, feed consumption level also kind of feed from shrimp.
   
   
2. Hepatopanchreas. This organ can identicated as stomach of shrimp. This organ as center of shrimp digestive organ and it placed on head and on normal condition have triangle form and brownish color. Through visual monitoring to hepatopanchreas can identified condition and quality of shrimp related with appetite. At specific cases this organ also can used to identify a problem seriously level that infected shrimp.

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The Methods of Pond Water Quality Management - Concept

Basically, pond water quality management is an activity program to make pond water to balanced water ecosystem within limit environtment in order to create a water condition that like shrimps natural habitat (viewed from characteristic, behaviour and ecology of shrimps). Program implementation of pond water quality is need an advanced technical capablity of human resources through method that appropriate with shrimps condition. Some aspects that can be used as logical basic for it implementation, are :

1. The methods must consider with the objectives of pond water management. The general objectives of pond water management are : (a) to keep and preserve water quality; (b) to improve water quality, and (c) to replace pond water with a new one. Main principal of those is how to create a water environment in order to consider with shrimp condition as well as shrimp quality.
   
   
2. The methods must have exactly target consider with parameter that will be managed, there are water transparency, pond water color, pond water physic condition and pond bottom condition. The mentioned parameters are need a spesific method approach consider with relationship of each others.
   
   
3. The methods must touch the real of “root” of water quality problems. Some factors that can reasoning pond water quality management problems, are : (a) internal factors, this problem is caused by disturbance of one of water ecosystem elements; (b) external factors, this problem is caused by external affect, like weather changes with the result that make unstable water quality condition; (c) Treatment error factors, this problem is caused by shrimp culture technical treatment error or it can be said as human error.

The logical basic like mentioned above are to take an efficient/effectively of pond water quality management as technical as well as financial profit. Several methods that commonly used on pond water quality management among others are :

1. Water circulation
   
2. Water fertilization
   
3. Water inoculation, and
   
4. Chemistry substance usage and shrimp medicines (not recommended).

The implementation of methods like mentioned above, have a relationship between each others depend on urgency level and priority scale from technical treatment that will be used based on field monitoring and require identification that be found. The method that implemented with separated accidentally will reason disturbed equaly of water ecosystem and it can reason a new more complex problems.

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PR 4 from Google

When I check Page Rank (PR) bar of this blog (marindro’s blog), I found that Google has updated their Page Rank again. I saw that Page Rank of this blog went from a PR 3 to a PR 4. Nice!.

But I more surprised, when I check on Page Rank of informasi budidaya udang (my other blog ) have moved from a PR 0 to a PR 5. Very …very surprised
Thank’s for you ………………..

Virtual shrimp culture …….. why not ?

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Pond Water Transparency - 1

Pond water transparency is one of water quality parameters that related with water turbidity level. On simplified meaning, pond water transparency is sun's rays penetration level within water and it expressed on length unit. A simple tool to measure pond water transparency is seichi disk, that is a disk which be given black and white color and be connected with a stick or handle rope which have scale lines. Usage method of this tool is dipped it within water slowly as far as at a depth where the seichi disk begin to unvisible, then the water transparency can be read at scale lines. Pond water transparency measurement is better to be implemented at daylight and fine weather.

Pond water transparency is very close with plankthon/phytoplankthon abundance within water and both of them have a contrary equivalent relationship. In another word, if pond water transparency level more to high then plankthon/phytoplankthon abundance will more to low, on the contrary if pond water transparency level more to low then plankthon/phytoplankthon abundance within water will more to high. The objective of water transparency management (that viewed from plankthon /phytoplankthon abundance) is to appropriate with shrimp need and characteristics there are nocturnal and phototaxis negative, with the result that they need a shelter from directly sun's rays effect.

Phytoplankthon is a kind of micro plant that have chlorophyl and always carry out photosynthesis activity through sun’s rays help. Plankthon productivities will increase equivalent with sun intencity increase within pond waters, so phytoplankthon abundance will increase to with the results that it will reduce sun’s rays penetration within pond water. Based on this logical basic, so it can be said that water transparency is a variable from phytoplankthon abundance and sun intencity level. This condition can be made reference on management of pond water transparency in line with condition, need and characteristic of shrimp.

Shrimp necessity to pond water transparancy always changes in connection with shrimp age, there are :

1. Fries and young shrimps are need a high pond water transparency level to transparent level (penetrated pond bottom).
   
   
2. Mature shrimps are need water transparency approximately 35 cm – 40 cm or appropriate with shrimp condition.

Some factors that can be used as logical basic on determine pond water transparancy are water condition, there are biology factors, chemistry factors as well as physic factors.

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