The History of Shrimp Culture

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_farming

Shrimp have been farmed for centuries in Asia, using traditional low-density methods. Indonesian brackish water ponds called tambaks can be traced back as far as the 15th century. Shrimp were farmed on a small scale in ponds, in monocultures or together with other species such as milkfish, or in rotation with rice, using the rice paddies for shrimp cultures during the dry season, when no rice could be grown.

Such traditional cultures often were small operations in coastal areas or on river banks. Mangrove areas were favoured because of their naturally abundant supply of shrimp. Wild juvenile shrimp were trapped in ponds and reared on naturally occurring organisms in the water until they had the desired size and then were harvested.

The origins of industrial shrimp farming can be traced back to the 1930s, when Kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) was spawned and cultivated for the first time in Japan. By the 1960s, a small shrimp farming industry had appeared in Japan.[3] Commercial shrimp farming began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Technological advances led to ever more intensive forms of shrimp farming, and the growing market demand led to a proliferation of shrimp farms throughout the world, concentrated in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The growing consumer demand coincided in the early 1980s with faltering wild shrimp catches, creating a veritable boom in shrimp aquaculture. Taiwan was amongst the early adopters and a major producer in the 1980s; its production collapsed beginning in 1988 due to poor management practices and disease.

In Thailand, large-scale intensive shrimp farming expanded rapidly from 1985. In South America, shrimp farming was pioneered by Ecuador, where it expanded dramatically from 1978. Brazil had been active in shrimp farming since 1974, but the trade really boomed there only in the 1990s, making the country a major producer within a few years. Today, there are marine shrimp farms in over fifty countries.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_farming

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Phosphorescency Pond Waters

Have you ever seen the pond waters was lightly on the surface like “fireflies” at night ? Don’t be impressed with this phenomena, because the waters with this condition is one of an indicator that it’s “dangerous” for shrimp within it.

Phosphorescency pond waters is more often found at dry season with a little rainfall. Some factors can reasoning a phosphorescency pond waters at night, there are among others :

1. Waters salinity level is high;
   
   
2. The plankthons within waters is dominated by dynoflagellata (a harmful plankthon)
   
   
3. Waters circulation is not enough

Phosphorescency pond waters condition if not to be handled immediately, it can reasoning a dangerous problems for shrimps, there are among others :

1. The shrimps color become pale;
   
   
2. The shrimps being convoy;
   
   
3. Shrimps appetite is decreasing, more over the shrimps is not eat anymore;
   
   
4. At a specific time it can reasoning hepatopancreas damage;
   
   
5. At extreme condition can reasoning mass mortality for shrimps

In order to prevent phosphorescency pond waters problems, the technical treatment that can be implemented, are among others :

1. When the pond waters salinity at high level, make waters circulation routinuosly with more frequency and volume then usually;
   
   
2. Reduce fertilizer dosage if the waters tranparancy is very concentrated that can reasoning a plankthon (harmful plankthon) dominancy

If the pond waters is already on phosphorescency condition, then technical treatment that can be implemented, are among others :

1. Total waters substitution gradually that unchangeable shrimps condition (it’s better to using “oplos” waters circulation method, there is throw and fill the water simultaneously);
   
   
2. If the pond waters volume is already substituted with the new water, then reduced waters circulation immediately;
   
   
3. Do plankthon seeds inoculation in order to substitute plankthon dominancy (dynoflagellata/harmful plankthon) with kind of plankthon that suitable for shrimps;
   
   
4. Do a routine fertilizing in order to stimulate the new plankthon growth;
   
   
5. Monitore toward change of condition after the treatment already given related with shrimps condition as well as waters quality.

In line with the discussion like mentioned above, there is better to us for bewaring to phosphorescency pond waters phenomena. One more, don’t be impressed with this phenomena, because the waters with this condition can reasoning serious problems for our lovely shrimps.

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The Concept of Size and Quality of Shrimp for Price

An understanding of size and quality of shrimp is very close with shrimp marketing aspect that is a last stage from shrimp culture to can beginning again at next period. Unlike other commodities, shrimps is a high perishable commodity, with the result that shrimps handling and processing before to be marketed is need fast and simple handling concept in order to avoid decreasing shrimps quality, because quality degradation is significant to shrimp price. Several factors that can influencing shimp quality, are among others :

1. Shrimps are infected by diseases;
   
   
2. Technical treatment influence a moment before harvesting process;
   
   
3. Harvesting time arrangement influence that it reason a mass moulting for shrimps;
   
   
4. Pond bottom condition that it possible reason to scratched shrimps at harvesting process;
   
   
5. Shrimps harvesting method;
   
   
6. Harvesting time;
   
   
7. Colder equipment/ice availibility;
   
   
8. Transportation equipment availibility;
   
   
9. Carrying time.

After pass through harvesting process, then the shrimps to be handled by cold storage division to be sorting based on size and quality to determining standard of shrimp prices.

The meaning of size is the number/amount of shrimps within 1 (one) kilogram weigth , with the result that more bigger the size so the shrimp measurement is more smaller.

Beside the size, another aspect that influencing shrimp price is quality of the shrimps. Quality standard that usually to be used, are :

1. First Quality (FQ), the shrimps on normal condition also its have part of body completely and undamaged;;
   
   
2. Second Quality (SQ), the shrimps on normal condition also its have part of body completely but scratched;
   
   
3. Below Standard (BS), physically the shrimps already damaged or broken.

In line with the concept of size and quality of shrimp, then a total shrimp price can be counted through calculate size percentage and shrimp quality from total weight times price based on it size and quality.

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Foamy Pond Waters

At a shrimp culture period, sometimes we often find a foamy pond waters phenomena. It is more clear to see at water wheel operation as well as water circulation process. Don’t be ever to considering that foamy pond waters is easy, because it can reasoning a serious problems for shrimps condition.

Foamy pond waters is one of practically indicators related with waters quality at that moment. This condition is signing for us that it already plankthon mortality happen within waters. Generally, foamy pond waters occuring process are, among others :

1. At the moment that water wheels be operated, it will seen waters color clearly that related with dominant plankthon within waters, this is signing that plankthons are in high plankthon density and “old” condition;
   
   
2. The foams begin appear as length as waters current that it caused by circle of water wheel, in this stage foams dimension is short. This condition is signing that at the moment is already beginning plankthon mortality;
   
   
3. The foams that caused by water wheel current more and more length and it will go along the side of pond. This condition is signing that plankthon mortality within waters more and more highly;
   
   
4. Waters transparancy is drop suddenly and at extreme condition it achieve to pond bottom (clear waters color). This condition is signing that it already a mass plantkthon mortality within waters (plankthon collaps).

In line with the discussion like mentioned above, foamy pond waters if not be handled quickly, it can becoming troubles for shrimp culture. Plankthon collaps in this case will intrude equally of waters ecosystem, in addition it also reasoning dirty bottom pond that caused by the settle of death plankthon.

In order to anticipate foamy poand waters, so technical treatment that could be implemented are, among others :

1. Continuous water circulation and it more increase as well frequency and volume. The main objective of this treatmentis to supply new plankthon seeds to replace the “old” plankthon within waters;
   
   
2. At the special condition is need plankthon seed inoculation method to make a new plankthon growth more faster;
   
   
3. Increasing dosage of fertilizer to spurring new plankthon growth until it can replacing the death plankthon quickly;
   
   
4. Maximizing water wheels operational.

The treatments like mentioned above is needed to prevent a suddenly plankthon collaps as effected from foamy pond waters that it can reasoning a serious troubles for shrimp culture.

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The Importance of Water Reservoir

Waters are one of very important factor for supporting shrimp culture process. Technically, a fine waters quality can becoming successfully determinant factor of shrimp culture process at one period moment. One of waters management system aspect is waters ciculation that is water substitution within pond which it objective is to improving waters quality in order to appropriate with shrimps need. In line with the objective of waters circulation, the matter that need to be attentioned is the waters quality that to be filled to a pond. If waters quality that to be filled to a pond is more poorer than waters quality within a pond, then it can make a problem to shrimps

Based on it natural source, waters within pond can come from marine/sea and river (it is not too far from marine/sea) and if it viewed from quality, waters that come from both of sources directly is fluctuated depend on climate/weather and it surround environment. In order to get waters input that it quality can undercontroll, so on shrimp culture, as technically is fine to provide a water resorvoir that it will be used as waters input source for some ponds. Based on this understanding, waters that will be filled on pond is not directly filled from natural waters source (marine/sea, river, etc) but it processed within waters resevoir first.

Related with shrimp culture technical, waters reservoir have an important mean for waters quality management, are among others :

1. Waters reservoir is a waters quality controller that it from water sources (marine/sea, river, etc). Like discussion mentioned above, the waters that coming from sources directly have fluctuation quality and depend on climate/wheather and it surround environment. The existence of waters reservoir is hoped to make water quality controlling more easier and it assisting on decision making related with waters ciculation;
   
   
2. Waters reservoir can be used as a water treatment experiment media that will be implemented to a pond. Technically, waters treatment is hoped to improved waters quality within a pond, but if the waters treatment obvious resulting unexpected ouput so it can influenced to condition and quality of shrimps within a pond. The waters treatment that it have experimented at waters resoirvoir first, what ever results of course it is not influenced to shrimps condition;
   
   
3. Waters reservoir can be functioned as plankthon seed source for pond others at waters within ponds is difficult to be growth (i.e. at rainy season). Waters condition like this, one reason of it is caused by plankthon availibilty within waters is minimized. In order to get plankthon seeds, so waters reservoir can be made as plankthon sourcer by give it a fertilizing treatment continuously as far as resulting expected plankthon. The plankthon seeds that stabilized growth within waters reservoir furthermore can be used as plankthon sources for others pond through “water inoculation” method.;
   
   
4. Waters reservoir can be made as indicator of a waters quality problem that it coming from common waters (marine/sea, river, etc). Generally, if common waters quality is reasoning a problem for biota condition that within it, so it will appeared immediately within waters reservoir. This condition is very dangerous to the shrimps if common water with quality like that is filled on ponds directly;
   
   
5. At the specific condition, economically waters reservoir can resulting added value to shrimp culture at that period, because usually within water reservoir also grow other water biotas that it have economic value.
   

Based on discussion like mentioned above, the waters reservoir undirectly function is a filter toward some problems that may be caused by a poor waters quality that it come from common waters (sea/marine, river, etc).

In line with the urgency and function of waters reservoir to shrimp culture process, so it is better to prepare one plot of pond that it be functioned to waters reservoir or be made special plot of pond with special function that is as waters reservoir.

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My Story of This Week - 2

............based on true story

Once upon a day, Fulan as a shrimp farmer was felt very happy, because at that day Mr X who famoused as shrimp culture expert would visited at Fulan’s shrimp culture location According to information from a shrimp culture technician, his shrimp culture as technically was most ideal than others, until it reasonable to be created as a model for others. Based on those condition, then Fulan’s shrimp culture area was get recommendation to be visited by Mr.X.

Like it had been planned before, come close to at noon time, Mr. X and his group was came to Fulan’s shrimp culture location. After they had discussed at the moment, Mr. X then invited Fulan to observed condition of his shrimp culture directly. “The waters is really good. Gentlemen with waters quality condition like this, I guarantee that the shrimps is good too,” Mr. X said to his group. In order to proved his statement, Mr. X took some shrimp samples, then he observed its, “Perfect, let you see condition of this shrimp, this is a sample of ideal shrimp condition” said Mr. X. The peoples who around him more amazed with Mr. X expertise after his statement become proved.

Heard about Mr. X opinion related with his shrimp culture condition, Fulan as owner was praised, so he answered any questions that be asked to him with enthusiasm. After monitored several ponds that Fulan belonging, Mr. X and his group then take leaved that shrimp culture location. A recommendation have been given by Mr. X at those time, there was Fulan’s shrimp culture system could be created as a model for others related with shrimp culture technical.

After Mr. X and his group has leaved, there was seen Fulan sit on ancho bridge at one of his pond while imagined profit level that he would be obtained at that shrimp culture period. But, at the same time, unexpectedly Fulan was seen a shrimp drifting on the waters and then adhered at under ancho bridge that Fulan sit. Actually, Fulan was saw that incident, but he has been blindness by Mr. X’s statement until he neglected that incident and he regard as usual condition on shrimp culture.

At afternoon Fulan was become very panic when he saw the number of shrimp drifting on the waters and then adhered at under ancho bridge were increased, evenless when the water wheel was not operationed. Then, Fulan take some shrimp samples and he monitored its accurated, condition of the shrimps were seems good and normally. Fulan go down directly within pond to examined bottom condition, he was very shocked when he found too many shrimps has dead at there although its condition was still fresh. Fulan was become faint, there was no other word, his shrimps must be harvested early.

Based on a little story above, there are any matters that we can learned, among others :

1. On shrimp culture besides technical factors, there is non technical factors that sometimes can’t be explained scientifically, factualy this is often happened.
   
   
2. Shrimp culture management is need a systematically technical approach that it supported by monitoring and identification of shrimps and it ecosystem changes as diligent and accurately in order to eliminated “X” factors that it can be happened out of our estimate;
   
   
3. The main principal of shrimp culture is “we follow the shrimps, not the shrimps follow us”(other article related with this principal can be viewed here)

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We Follow the Shrimps not the Shrimps Follow Us !

Shrimp culture as profit oriented business activity is need an integrated management system including aspects of technical, financial, human resources, and other resources. Target demand concerning with profit level which it have to be achieved often make us to conditioning shrimp culture system with financial/profit level approaches without considering shrimp need level. At this condition, as technically, shrimp culture system that will be implemented is already composed based on time scale referencing on profit level which will be obtained. If we trapped within this condition, so the output that it should can be optimalized is become unoptimized or this condition can resulting a serious problem to shrimps.

One of variable that it often we trapped wthin that condition like mentined above is shrimp feed aspect. Shrimp feed is a big contibrutor for shrimp culture production cost, with the result that, at a period of shrimp culture feeding program is often to be monitored strictly. Feeding program afterward be arranged perfectly in order to can be predicted FCR (Food Conversion Ratio) and profit value that will be obtained without considering change of shrimps need level to feed as riil. That feeding program is good if it appropriate with shrimps need, but it can becoming on the contrary result if shrimps need to feed factually is more than feed which we already given. Of course, this condition can resulting unoptimize result or this condition can resulting a serious problem to shrimps.

Other technical aspect that same with discussion above is water management system, so it often directing us to situation like culturing water not culturing shrimp. This aspect if not to be appropriated with shrim need level, it can becoming a serious result for shrimp culture. There is not profit that we get, but a big financial loss that we’ll be obtained.

In connection with discussion above, so a matter that can be conclused is : we have to follow the shrimps not thae shrimps follow us. This can be made through shrimps behaviour and shrimps need monitoring acurrately, intencively and discipline.

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