Fresh Feed for Shrimp

Fresh feed utilization is one of method that usually used to ward off decreased shrimp’s appetite and this method used incidentally. Fresh feed for shrimp is a kind of feed that source from water animal/biota that have already processed and it given to shrimp on fresh condition in order to improve shrimp condition/quality or to increase shrimp appetite which already indicated infected by specific problem.

The logical basic to explain fresh feed utilization at feeding program is related with the function of fresh feed as an attractant for shrimp through sense of smell which it come out from fresh feed with the result that shrimp become interested and to get near to consume that feed. Based on this logical basic, the shrimp’s appetite to be hoped can more increase and it is able to improve quality of shrimp.

The biota which often to be used as fresh feed for shrimp are several kind of fishes. The method to prepare fresh feed, are among others:

1. The fishes as matter of fresh feed, firstly it is cut up appropriate with size which it’s desired and then it given directly to shrimp.
   
   
2. The fishes as matter of fresh feed, firstly it is boiled before given for shrimp. The objective of this method is to minimize disease infection risk to shrimp that come from the fishes.

Generally, fresh feed dosage that to be used is 1.5 to 2.0 times than artificial feed dosage at normal condition. It is better to give fresh feed to shrimp at night or depend on shrimp need level and kind of problem.

Some factors which need to be attentioned at fresh feed implementation, are among others :

1. Kind and level of problem. At specific case or condition, fresh feed can make serious problem for condition and quality of shrimp.
   
   
2. The condition of pond water and weather. The fresh feed utilization within pond water have a significant affect to water productivity, until it’s changes can affect to shrimp condition.
   
   
3. The fresh feed utilization have to balanced with sufficient water circulation to anticipate an accumulation of fresh feed residue which it is not consumed by shrimp and it can decomposed, at pond bottom
   
   
4. Selection to biota as fresh feed matter to avoid a disease infection from it to shrimp within pond

Fresh feed quantity and intensity can reduced if shrimp condition become better, especially related with shrimp’s appetite.

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1. Artificial Feed for Shrimp
   
2. Shrimp Feeding Frequency
   
3. Shrimp Feeding Program
   
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5. Natural Feed for Shrimp - 01
   
6. Kind of Shrimp Feed Determination
   
7. Shrimp Feeding Management Program – Logical Basic
   
8. Shrimp Feeding Management Program – Background
   
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Artificial Feed for Shrimp

Like it already discussed before, the artificial feed for shrimp can be explained as a feed which it made on industrial scale with composition of nutrition and nutrient appropriate with shrimp need level. The artificial feed for shrimp is given to supply a feed to pond which stock level of natural feed is very limited to empty anymore. The utilizing level of artificial feed is not same between shrimp culture scale, like explained below:

1. On traditional shrimp culture, the utilization of artificial feed is not/very rarely used at feeding program implementation. The artificial feed utilization just limited on feed which made based on pond owner capability as personally. The matters that used to make artificial feed on this case are among others: brans (rice siftings), corns, fish mill or unutilized fish as a blended. This feed kind usually utilized after the shrimp come close to harvest and the shrimp population is estimated in great quantities.
   
   
2. On semi intensive shrimp culture, the utilization of artificial feed is directed to anticipate a decrease natural feed based on shrimp population estimation at that time. The using of artificial feed is not absolutely and it more incidentally.
   
   
3. On intensive scale shrimp culture, the utilization of artificial feed especially on industrial scale is absolutely as one of requisite of shrimp culture management. The intensive shrimp culture has a high density and population, so this condition is a matter why the artificial feed utilization is very important on this scale shrimp culture. Besides that, the right implementation of artificial feed on intensive scale shrimp culture can assist to estimate a shrimp condition and shrimp growth within pond.

If it considered with other kind of shrimp feed, so the industry scale artificial feed have a characteristic viewed from size and nutrient composition. The characteristic is made and determined by factory based on shrimp need within pond water.

The size of artificial feed is a size of feed granules in line with shrimp need at specific time and condition. Based on it size, the artificial feed mainly can be grouped on:

1. Crumble, it is afeed size which very small/powder granules and it usually used at fry stage.
   
   
2. Pellet, it is a feed size which small granule to coarse grained and it usually used adult shrimp to come close to harvest.

Beside size, based on nutrition contain, the artificial feed has a formulation appropriate with shrimp need. The nutrition that usually contain on artificial feed, are among others: carbohydrate, proteins, fats, fiber and other essential nutrition for shrimp growth. The nutrition composition can be different between each others depend on feed size and artificial feed factory. At specific condition, the artificial feed can be combined with supplement essence (like vitamins) to anticipate a decreased nutrition at urgently condition.

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1. Shrimp Feeding Frequency
   
2. Shrimp Feeding Program
   
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5. Kind of Shrimp Feed Determination
   
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Shrimp Feeding Frequency

Shrimp feeding frequency is a part of feeding program which have strategic meaning on determine a successfully of feeding program within a shrimp culture period. Shrimp feeding frequency can be defined as how much times feeding activities to be done at one day.

The logical basic which can be used on arrange shrimp feeding frequency are:

1. Shrimp need level to feed always changes (fluctuate) based on time.
   
   
2. Shrimp appetite is not same at morning, day, afternoon, and night.
   
   
3. To avoid over feeding, because shrimp feeding frequency is a daily program, so the feeding can adjusted with shrimp need level. Effectively and efficiency of feeding program can controlled daily.

The arrangement of shrimp feeding frequency is a continuously program at a shrimp culture period (from fry cultivation stage to harvesting stage). To arrange shrimp feeding frequency is need an accurate monitoring to the real shrimp need level at specific time, some aspects which need to considered are :

1. Natural feed stock at fry cultivation stage. Like it have already discussed before, natural feed stock within pond water will affect to quantity of artificial feed estimation. In order to avoid minimized feed stock within pond water, there is need to implement a blind feeding.
   
   
2. The quantity daily feed, it is meaning a total weight of feed which it does be given at one day.
   
   
3. Feed size, it is mean a size of feed pellet in line with shrimp age.
   
   
4. Feeding time, it is mean a time allocation to implement feeding activity at one day. This is called a feeding frequency.
   
   
5. Feed percentage, this term is to show feed percentage which it will given at one time feeding equalized with total daily feed.
   
   
6. Anco feed percentage, this term is to show how much feed percentage at anco equalized with total feed quantity at one feeding time. This variable is used as standard of shrimp consume level.
   
   
7. Time of feed controlling at anco. This variable is a time limited to made a standard on decision making of shrimp consume level determination.

Several aspects like mentioned above are some variables which need to be considered on arranging shrimp feed frequency. As illustration an example of shrimp feed frequency can viewed on Example of Shrimp Feed Frequency.

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Shrimp Feeding Program

Basically, shrimp feeding program is a method of feeding to shrimp at a shrimp culture cycle period. This program also establish successfully level of spread all over shrimp culture especially related with cost production level. Based on this matter, shrimp feeding program arrangement is need accurately and exactly on determine shrimp need level to feed.

Several factors that need to be noticed on arrangement of shrimp feeding program mainly include : (i) kind of feed, (ii) feed size, (iii) feed quantity/weight, and (iv) feeding frequency.

One of standard that used to measure effectiveness and efficiency level of feeding program is Food Conversion Ratio (FCR) that is an equivalency between cumulative weights of feed that already given with shrimp biomass at specific time. As example: at a pond have already harvested with biomass = 1 (one) ton, while total weights of feed that already given is 2 (two) tons, so the FCR value = 2.

The standard value of FCR that many used to determine effectiveness and efficiency level of feeding program for intensive shrimp culture is FCR value between 1.8 – 2.5. With FCR value, we can estimate production cost for shrimp feed as well as sale price value at that time. The development of FCR value is need monitored at every conducted sampling of population and biomass periodically within one cycle of shrimp culture.

As illustration about feeding program can viewed on Example of Feeding Program. In order to make easier to understanding that illustration above, here it will explained several terminologies on that illustration:

1. PL = Post Larva, this term is to show a shrimp’s age and usually it’s expressed on age day. This variable is very important because shrimp need level to feed is always changes based on age increase .
   
   
2. ABW = Average Body Weight, this term is to show a shrimp’s average weight within pond at specific time. This variable can obtained through biomass sampling periodically..
   
   
3. SR = Survival Rate, this term is to show a shrimp’s survival level within pond at the specific time equalized with early fry density. This variable can obtained through population sampling periodically.
   
   
4. Crumble, this term is to show a kind of artificial feed with powder size to granule size.
   
   
5. Pellet, this term is to show a kind of artificial feed size with pellet size (small, medium, and big size).
   
   
6. Number of Feed (with specific coding), this term is to show a size of feed pellet. This number coding can be different between each shrimp feed companies
   
   
7. Blind Feeding, this term is to show a feeding activity without attention of feeding program and it’s implementation is depend on natural feed stock within pond water and usually it implemented at fry stage. The objective of blind feeding is to acquaint artificial feed to fry and to anticipate decreased natural feed within pond.

Based on illustration above, so it can be said that a feeding program at one shrimp culture period is a measurable and directed program with still refer on shrimp’s need level and shrimp’s condition at that time. Measurable is mean that every shrimp feeding activity always has quantity value that already determined based on monitoring and estimation. Directed, is mean that every shrimp feeding activity have standard of effectivity and efficiency that is Food Conversion Ratio (FCR).

In the other hand, if shrimps appearance at water surface or at ancho more much than ordinary, so it can made as an indicator that natural feed stock within water have already decreased or empty. This condition happen because the shrimps will try to look for a feed that its seldom to be found at pond water bottom, then at condition like this the shrimps usually to convoy activity at around pond boundary or too many appear at pond wall.

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1. Natural Feed for Shrimp - 02
   
2. Natural Feed for Shrimp - 01
   
3. Kind of Shrimp Feed Determination
   
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Natural Feed for Shrimp - 02

A basic point that need to noticed is a natural feed within pond water is a feed source that to be main choice for shrimps as long as it’s stock still enough for shrimp population within pond. This condition can be said : if a shrimp be given choices between artificial feed with natural feed, so a shrimp will choice natural feed within pond water.

The benefits of natural feed that can used as consideration matter to feeding management program, are among others :

1. The sufficiency of natural feed especially at early (fry stage) can keep survival rate of fry/young shrimp within pond.
   
   
2. The sufficiency of natural feed especially at early (fry stage) can resulting shrimp uniform size level within its population on same size.
   
   
3. The sufficiency of natural feed especially at early (fry stage) can resulting shrimp growth more faster.
   
   
4. The sufficiency of natural feed can reduce waste accumulation process, because utilization of artificial feed as a bigger waste contributor still limited.
   
   
5. The sufficiency of natural feed can reduce cost production, so it can affected to profit value.

A parameter that can used as criteria of natural feed stock within pond water is shrimps appearance at water surface as well as at ancho. Pond water with sufficient or abundant natural feed, the shrimps appearance process more slower than pond water with minimized natural feed stock. This condition happen because the shrimps more carry out their activities at water bottom to look for natural feed, so they infrequently appear at water surface as well as at ancho.

In the other hand, if shrimps appearance at water surface or at ancho more much than ordinary, so it can made as an indicator that natural feed stock within water have already decreased or empty. This condition happen because the shrimps will try to look for a feed that its seldom to be found at pond water bottom, then at condition like this the shrimps usually to convoy activity at around pond boundary or too many appear at pond wall.

Other parameter that can used as criteria of natural feed stock within pond water is through shrimp feces color monitoring that its found in intestine organ or at ancho. Shrimp feces that come from natural feed usually have dark/blackness color or depend on kind of natural feed. If based on monitoring result show that too many shrimps have feces with blackness color, so it can used as indicator that natural feed stock within pond water still sufficient.

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Natural Feed for Shrimp - 01

Preparation of natural feed for shrimp more be done at traditional shrimp culture with characteristic low density population and minimized technology application. Feeding program on traditional shrimp culture more depend on stock of natural feed within pond water, whereas artificial feed utilization just limited on feed that made by ownself with feeding frequency limited too.

At intensive shrimp culture with high density population and application of technology is more progressive, preparation of natural feed is more be attentioned for fry need. Natural feed prepared through optimization of cultivation area preparation in order to stimulate zooplankthon growth or other micro organic that functioned as natural feed for fry within pond water. The sufficiency stock of natural feed within pond be hoped can resulting a high survival rate for fry.

The kind of natural feed that usualy grow or to be bred within pond are among others:

1. Zooplankthon especially from diatomae kind. This biota can be monitored through visual monitoring or laboratorium monitoring. This natural feed more consumed by fry or young/small shrimp.
   
   
2. Bryophyte/algae. This kind of natural feed is aimed for adult/big shrimp. One point that important to be noticed is appearance of bryophyte/algae within pond need controlled accurately to its density, so they can not reasoning a serous problems for shrimp and water quality..A method that can be used to breed bryophyte/algae within pond is by placed bryophyte/algae at several wire transects or wood transects and so its be placed spread evenly within pond waters in order to easy monitoring to bryophyte/algae populaton through that transects.
   
   
3. Shells/mollusks. Like bryophyte/algae, the growth or breeding of shells/mollusks within pond water is need controlled accurately too especially for its density, because this biota is a plankthon feeder so its can affect to pond water quality management.
   
   
4. Rebon (Indonesian terminology = kind of small shrimp). This biota usually grow or breed by ownself within the pond water through water inlet channel at specific period.
   
   
5. Manure/detritus, there are pond water manure that come from leaves and fall then sink at pond bottom
   
   
6. Carcass of water biota at pond bottom. This kind of feed is more as result from natural process within pond with little numbers and incidentally.

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Kind of Shrimp Feed Determination

Like already discussed before, based on kind of feed the shrimp can be classified as omnivora, it’s mean the shrimp is a biota that consume all kind of feed within water especially that life at water bottom (demersal). In natural habitat, the kind of feed that consumed by shrimp are very various like detritus, water plant and water animal which have micro size as well as carcass of other water biota. The shrimp have characteristic to consume all feed that it found, and with this characteristic make the shrimp become cannibal to bait/consume the others.

On shrimp culture, the kind of feed that usually be given to shrimp, are among others:

1. Natural feed, it is a kind of feed that own grow or intentional,to be grown at pond water and they have characteristic like on its natural habitat.
   
   
2. Artificial feed, there is shrimp feed that made on industry scale with nutrition composition and nutrient in line with shrimp need and be given to supply a feed to pond considered with natural feed stock already reduced or empty.
   
   
3. Fresh feed, it is kind of feed that created from water animal/biota that already processed and be given to shrimp at fresh condition in order to improve quality and condition of shrimp or to increase shrimp appetite that indicated already infected by specific problem.
   
   
4. Additional feed, there is a feed like supplement and can be blended with artificial feed as well as separated in order to fulfill specific nutrition .

Although many kind of feed that can be given to shrimp, at implementation four kind of feed like mentioned above are often be used

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Shrimp Feeding Management Program – Logical Basic

The knowledgement of feeding habit and food habit as well as shrimp digestive organ is an important factors to prepare feeding program that will implemented within shrimp culture activities in order to create an efficient and effectiveness feeding program that can obtain profitable shrimp culture viewed from productivity . Several logical basic that can be used as consideration matter to explain importance feeding program, are :

1. Natural feed stock within pond water (closed ecosystem) is very limited from quality as well as quantity viewed from shrimp need level to carry out to growth.
   
   
2. Movement space of shrimp within water that limited by pond partition is very minimized, so it is impossible for shrimp to look for other feed alternatives from outside.
   
   
3. Shrimp feed is main supplier for nutrition and nutrients need with balanced composition that it’s required for shrimp growth within water and it’s can not be found through natural feed.
   
   
4. Shrimp feed viewed from financial aspect is an important factor in connection with production cost considered other factors, so a mistake implementation of feed program can reasoning a high production cost also it can reducing obtained profit value.
   
   
5. Shrimp feed is a bigger contributor for dirtiness of pond bottom through blackish muddy that resulted from shrimp metabolism process and feed residue that unconsumed by shrimp with he result that it can dangerous for shrimp.
   
   
6. Feed need level that already given can be used as estimation of shrimp population and biomass based on specific time period
   
   
7. Shrrimp feed can be functioned as organic matters that it can support for process to create and to stabilize pond water, especially at pond with high density population.

The discussion like mentioned above can give a view about importance of shrimp feeding program preparation within pond through an accurately estimaion and analysis of feed need based on monitoring and identification need level and shrimp condition in line with production cost level through shrimp feed that it will an already given. Several factors that need to noticed on shrimp feed program preparation, are among others :

1. Determining of kind of feed that will given. There include : natural feed, artificial feed, fresh feed and additional feeds.
   
   
2. Feed size, it’s mean the feed size must in line with age and shrimp condition within pond.
   
   
3. The quantity of feed that will be given must based on estimation of population and biomass also need level, condition and quality of shrimp at that time.
   
   
4. Daily feeding frequency must based on estimation of population and biomass also need level, condition and quality of shrimp at that time.

A basically point on feeding program prepation is a creation of condition to direct at a program that follow the shrimp, not in the contratry that the shrimp have to follow the program. The recommended feeding program is a program that arranged based on decision making that obtained through accurately and dinamic monitoring of shrimp condition and shrimp need in line with factually field comdition . On situation that shrimp have conditioned to follow feeding program, it be afraid that I can reason a problem especially for shrimp populaion and shrimp quality also undirecly for water quality.

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Shrimp Feeding Management Program – Background

In order to carry out the life, shrimp as creature is need food as energy source and nutrition that needed to take activities that include growth as well as reproduction. In natural habitat (common waters), shrimp food sources are already available and its related with food chain within the waters. Food availibilty in common waters give the shrimp to choice and to look for food resources without limited by dimension of space and time, whereas the shrimp that cultured within pond have not other alternatives to choice and to look for food sources because it’s move dimension and habitat limited by pond partition. This situation is direct the shrimp on a food dependency condition that supplied from outside, because natural food within pond waters more and more reducing in line with shrimp size increasingly, moreover at the specific moment natural food will become empty.

On intensive shrimp culture, shrimp dependency to food supply from outside will more increase because on high density population natural feed within pond waters more and more become empty and at condition like this shrimp canibalism process within pond more increase too. Shrimp feeding activity on intensive shrimp culture is very determine for successfully of shrimp culture refered to technical as well as financial. Basically, this activity have must refer to characteristics and shrimp behavior in connection with feeding habits and food habits of shrimp in order to take an accurate feeding program refer to effectively and shrimp need level.

Feeding habits is mean a consume behavior of shrimp include methods, time, area and feed need level based on it’s natural behavior. The explanaton of this are like mentioned bellow :

1. Methods. The shrimp on carry out to look for feed activities more rely on sence of smell than sence of sight, because as demersal biota that life at water bottom which low sun’s rays intencity level, sence of smell will more function than sence of sight. The shrimp usually interested with feed source that have putrid taste of fish and it’s can identified by shrimp through sence of smell and antenna that functioned as feel organ
   
   
2. Time. Like already discussed before, the shrimp is a nocturnal and phototaxis negative biota, this mean is the shrimp more disposed to carry out consume activities at night than daylight.
   
   
3. Area. Based on area/habitat, shrimp is a demersal biota or benthic biota that life and active at bottom waters so with this characteristic conditioned shrimp to look for feed at bottom too.
   
   
4. Need Level. The shrimp on it’s life cycle have need level fluctuation to feed especially relaed with age, kind of food and appetite. The fry more depend on natural feed there are zooplankthons and other micro organisms that available within waters. The shrimp at moulting process stage, it’s appetite become decrease drastically, but in the other hand after moulting process stage is finished, shrimp’s appetite will increase again and more greedy.

Food habits is mean as a consume behavior of shrimp viewed from kind of feed aspect that usually consumed by the shrimp.In natural habitat, the shrimp is an omnivora biota but more dominant to carnivora biota. This characteristic make shrimp as water biota that consume everything within waters, but more to animal consume. One of basic charateristic of shrimp is a canibalism, it make shrimp to consume a weak shrimp and carcass of other biota. Within water, shrimp have an inclination to choice a natural feed than artificial feed, as long as in the water stock of natural feed for shrimp still enough.

Viewed from physiologic, the parameters that related with feeding habit and food habit is digestive organ that it’s have specific characteristic considered with other organisms, so through this organ we can monitored quality and condition of shrimps based on shrimp appetite, The shrimp digestive organ, mainly can be divided on two part, there are :

1. Intestines. This organ is place on shrimp’s back and very clear to seen through visual monitoring. By this organ we can identified shtimp appetite, feed consumption level also kind of feed from shrimp.
   
   
2. Hepatopanchreas. This organ can identicated as stomach of shrimp. This organ as center of shrimp digestive organ and it placed on head and on normal condition have triangle form and brownish color. Through visual monitoring to hepatopanchreas can identified condition and quality of shrimp related with appetite. At specific cases this organ also can used to identify a problem seriously level that infected shrimp.

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