Shrimp Disease: White Spot Syndrome – 03 – Base of Decision Making

The discussion of white spot like already explained before, it was a basic knowledge of white spot disease. At field implementation (shrimp culture management), this knowledge is needed to possess by shrimp culturists viewed from scientific side. Practically, the other knowledge which need to understand are: (i) how to minimize probability of virus attack/infect to shrimp within pond, and (ii) decision making if the shrimps within pond are already infected by virus.

There are no available treatments for WSS, although a large number of disinfectants are widely used in shrimp farms and hatcheries to prevent an outbreak. To minimize probability of virus attack/infect to shrimp within pond, the treatment approaches which can used are:

1. Stocking of uninfected shrimp seeds/fry. This approach is a method to minimize a vertical transmission (from infected mother prawns). The discussion related with fry selection can viewed here.
   
2. Creating of equally pond water ecosystem. This approach is a method to avoid unequally environmental that can make stress to shrimps. At stress condition, the shrimp is very susceptible
   
3. Creating of shrimp culture treatment to “we follow the shrimps, not the shrimps follow us” condition. Like on item 2 above, this approach is a method to avoid environmental stressor. The discussion related with this approach can viewed here.
   
   Item no. 2 and no. 3 are the approach to minimize horizontal transmission of the virus through oral ingestion and water borne routes in farms.

The other knowledge which needs to understand is a decision making if the shrimps within pond are already infected by virus. Based on present conditions which there are no available treatments for white spot, so a decision making is fine to direct on harvesting decision as soon as possible. It is to minimize a financial loss profit. The logical basics of this decision are:

1. The virus has a wide host range and is highly virulent and leads to mass mortality within days. This condition can reason decreasing shrimps biomass rapidly, if too late to harvest so it will affect on financial profit which can be obtained.
   
   
2. The white spot will affect to shrimps quality, if too late to harvest so it can make shrimps quality become down at low quality, so this condition will affect to shrimp price and financial profit.

The logical basics like mentioned above are matters which need to notice as base of decision making if the shrimps within pond are already infected by virus. As a profit oriented business, decision making at shrimp culture must refer how to optimize financial profit which can be obtained.

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1. Shrimp Disease : White Spot Syndrome – 02 – The Signs Identification
   
2. Shrimp Disease : White Spot Syndrome – 01 – Introduction
   
3. Shrimp’s Hepatopanchreas as Indicator of Shrimp Condition
   
4. Shrimp's Feces as Indicator of Shrimp Condition
   
5. Broken Tail/Uropods on Shrimp
   
6. The Mossy Shrimps
   
7. The Concept of Size and Quality of Shrimp for Price
   
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Shrimp Disease : White Spot Syndrome – 02 – The Signs Identification

At explanation before, it already discussed a general view about white spot syndrome that infects a shrimp. The basic knowledge of the WSS is need to known as a basis on management and handling of the problem which infect a shrimp. In order to understand the characteristic of WSS disease, it is need to know the clinical signs of infected shrimp, as a basis on decision making.

Generally, the white spot disease signs can identified through two approaches, there are: (i) behavior/condition of infected shrimp, and (ii) identification of appearance of this disease at shrimp body. The signs of white spot include, are among others:

1. A sudden reduction in food consumption, more over the shrimp is not consume a feed anymore.
   
2. Shrimp’s digestive is empty
   
3. Hepatopanchreas become decrease in size with blue/white color
   
4. The shrimp become passive/ lethargy
   
5. The shrimp drifting on water surface
   
6. Too many shrimps at ancho
   
7. Too many shrimps become adhere at pond wall
   
8. At serious condition it is happen mass mortality at pond bottom
   
9. The shrimp become loose cuticle and often reddish discoloration
   
10. The presence of white spots of 0.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter on the inside surface of the carapace, appendages and cuticle over the abdominal segments.

The white spot disease signs like mentioned above are a common signs which can identified through visual monitoring, whereas to identified clinical signs of white spot it is better to identify through a laboratory monitoring to several shrimps sample.

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2. Shrimp’s Hepatopanchreas as Indicator of Shrimp Condition
   
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Shrimp Disease : White Spot Syndrome – 01 – Introduction

White Spot Syndrome (WSS) is a shrimp disease, that can reasoning a big financial lose. The virus has a wide host range and is highly virulent and leads to mortality rates of 100% within days in the case of cultured penaeid shrimps. This characteristics make this virus is very famous and it to be fearfully for the implementors of shrimp culture, moreover to be present there are no available treatments for WSS

Based on wikipedia reference, the first reported epidemic due to this virus is from Taiwan in 1992; however, reports of losses due to white spot disease came from China in 1993, where it led to a virtual collapse of the shrimp farming industry. This was followed by outbreaks in Japan and Korea in the same year, Thailand, India and Malaysia in 1994 and by 1996 it had severely affected East Asia and South Asia. In late 1995, it was reported in the USA, 1998 in Central and South America, 1999 in Mexico and in 2000 in the Philippines

In Indonesia, the first epidemic due to this virus was outbreak in 1993 to be present. In several Indonesia regions this virus usually called “skin fungus” disease. The disease is caused by a family of related viruses subsumed as the White Spot Syndrome Baculovirus Complex (WSSV) and the disease caused by them as white spot syndrome (WSS). The classification of this virus as shown below :

- Group: Group I (dsDNA)
- Family: Nimaviridae
- Genus: Whispovirus
- Species: White spot Syndrome Baculovirus Complex

Transmission of the virus is mainly through oral ingestion and water borne routes in farms (horizontal transmission) and vertical transmission (from infected mother prawns) in case of shrimp hatcheries. The virus is present in the wild stocks of shrimp, especially in the coastal waters adjacent to shrimp farming regions in Asian countries, but mass mortalities of wild shrimps are yet to be observed.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) does not infect human beings and eating infected shrimp (in any form) does not pose any hazard to human health.

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Shrimp’s Hepatopanchreas as Indicator of Shrimp Condition

Within a shrimp culture period, at a specific time, shrimp condition and quality can decrease caused by natural factors (weather and environment changes) as well as internal factors (come from shrimp organ, etc.). At this condition, a usual indication that appear is decreased shrimp’s appetite or at serious condition the shrimp have already infected by specific disease.

The decreased shrimp’s appetite happen is an indicator that it need to be monitored accurately, because if it does not to be handled immediately can reasoning a serious problem for shrimp. The decreased shrimp’s appetite will make intestine organ become empty and this condition can make shrimp’s hepatopanchreas become decrease in size, and at this condition the shrimp is too easy to infected by disease.

Hepatopanchreas can identically as stomach of shrimp. This organ as center of shrimp digestive organ and it placed on head and on normal condition have triangle form and brownish color. Through visual monitoring to hepatopanchreas can identified condition and quality of shrimp related with appetite. At specific cases this organ also can used to identify a problem seriously level that infected shrimp. An illustration of normally condition of shrimp’s hepatopanchreas can viewed on figure below.


Like on shrimp’s feces monitoring, assessment of shrimp’s hepatopanchreas can monitored visually to form and color from shrimp's hepatopanchreas. Both of parameters (form and color) can used as indicator to shrimp consumption level and shrimp healthy condition at that time. Based on form of shrimp’s hepatopanchreas and it’s correlation to shrimp condition, practically are among others :

1. Shrimp’s hepatopanchreas is triangle form and solid also have brown color. This condition is indicate that shrimp digestive system still on normal condition and shrimp appetite on good condition.
   
   
2. Shrimp’s hepatopanchreas form is is triangle form but it’s have already decrease in size and have mixed color between brown and blue. This condition is indicate that shrimp digestive system and shrimp appetite are beginning on trouble.
   
   
3. Shrimp’s hepatopanchreas form is already decrease in size with mixed texture between solid and juiciness and have blue to white color. This condition is indicate that shrimp already infected by disease at serious stadium, beside the shrimp already unconsumed anymore.

Both of parameters that can used on shrimp’s hepatopanchreas monitoring like mentioned above, at it field implementation can combined between both of them to get exactly conclusion related with shrimp condition at that time. If it found abnormally indication related with appetite and health condition of shrimp, then a decision that can be taken is review implemented feeding program. In case the shrimp is infected by serious problem, then a decision must refer on harvesting with estimate cost production and profit level that will be obtained at that time.

A practical monitoring toward hepatopanchreas can be done directly and more clear if it be seen under light/sun’s rays.

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Shrimp's Feces as Indicator of Shrimp Condition

Shrimp's feces is a parameter that can used as indicator of shrimp condition especially related with shrimp appetite and shrimp healthy condition. Shrimp feces monitoring can be done at controlled ancho time simultaneously with controlled feeding program (to assess shrimp consumption level). Both of that activities (shrimp feces monitoring and controlled feeding program) are two related activities to assess relationship between feed affect to consumption level and shrimp condition).

Generally, assessment of shrimp's feces can monitored visually to form and color from shrimp feces. Both of parameters (form and color) can used as indicator to shrimp consumption level and shrimp healthy condition at that time. Based on form of shrimp's feces and it’s correlation to shrimp condition, practically are among others:

1. Shrimp's feces form is length and solid also unbroken. This condition is indicate that shrimp digestive system still on normal condition and shrimp appetite on good condition.
   
   
2. Shrimp's feces form is broken and solid. This condition is indicate that shrimp digestive system and shrimp appetite are beginning on trouble but shrimp condition is normally.
   
   
3. Shrimp's feces form is broken with mixed texture between solid and juiceness. This condition is indicate that shrimp already have a trouble on digestive system or it can be said that shrimp begin infected by disease
   
   
4. Shrimp's feces form is juiceness. This condition is indicate that shrimp already infected by disease at serious stadium, beside the shrimp already unconsumed anymore.

Other parameter that can be used to assess shrimp condition through shrimp feces is feces color. Shrimp feces color is very related with kind of feed that already consumed at specific time. Generally, shrimp’s feces color an it correlation to kind of feed, practically are :

1. Shrimp's feces color is dark/blackness. This condition is indicate that shrimp still consume natural feed, in another word stock of natural feed within pond water is enough for shrimps.
   
   
2. Shrimp's feces color is brown/brownish. This condition is indicate that shrimp already consumed artificial feed.
   
   
3. Shrimp's feces color is yellow to reddish. This condition is indicate that shrimp already consumed shrimp carcass or other carcass within pond water, in another word, within pond water already occurred mass death of shrimps

Both of parameters that can used on shrimp's feces monitoring like mentioned above, at it field implementation can combined between both of them to get exactly conclusion related with shrimp condition at that time. If it found abnormally indication related with appetite and health condition of shrimp, then a decision that can be taken is review implemented feeding program. In case the shrimp is infected by serious problem, then a decision must refer on harvesting with estimate cost production and profit level that will be obtained at that time.

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Broken Tail/Uropods on Shrimp

When monitored the shrimps condition, we often find the shrimps with broken tail (uropods) condition and its breakage is from ligth level (shrimp tail just have a little breakage) until serious level (the shrimp have no tail/uropods.

The broken tail (uropods) as a part of shrimps condition also very influenced shrimps quality that it will be obtained (detailed the concept of shrimp quality for price can be viewed here). There are two main factors that its can causing the broken tail at shrimps :

1. Canibalism, shrimps tail (uropods) becoming broken caused by canibalism inter the shrimps population within the pond. A breakage that caused by canibalsm usualy be signed with no little lump at it tails. Canibalism factor is more caused by feed lack that be given to shrimps within a pond.
   
   
2. Waters quality is poorly.
   
   
3. Pond bottom is dirty. A breakage that caused by point 2 and point 3 usually be followed with little lump at it shrimp tail. The indications of broken tail that caused by point 2 and point 3, are among others : (1) The shrimp tail tip have little lump and if be pressed it will to be secrete, (2) After the lump is appear, the shrimp tail will become broken, (3) in this condition the shrimps still seen actively.

Some technical treatments that can be implemented to anticipated a broken shrimp tail problem, are among others :

1. If the broken tail (uropods) caused by canibalism factor, so the step that can be done is with reviewed feeding program in connection with shrimps need level.
   
   
2. If the broken tail (uropods) caused by waters quality/dirty pond bottom, so the step that can be done are : (a) cleaned pond bottom, (b) waters circulation intensively, (c) gift soft lime/zaeolit, and (d) at serious problem stadia it can be given KMNO4 (kalium permanganat) with normal dosage (not recommended).
   
   
3. Monitoring to shrimps condition change accurately after the treatment was given

The broken tail (uropods) problem is more dominant caused by environment factor there is poorly waters quality/dirty bottom pond, with the result that an alternative step that can be done to anticipated this problem is preserved waters quality on normal condition for shrimps and monitored pond bottom routinely.

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The Mossy Shrimps

Shrimp condition is one of factor to determined successfully of shrimps culture, because it can influenced to shrimps quality and undirectly it’s also determined shrimps price (detailed the concept of shrimp quality for price can be viewed here). One of parameters shrimps condition that often we be found within pond is mossy shrimps, and in line with this terminology, at like this condition, shrimp body is covered by moss, and usually called with “the jacket shrimps”

The moss that grow on shrimp body certainly will influential.for shrimps activities, moreover at serious condition the shrimps will become passively and shrimp body become porous. In connection with this condition, so if a pond have too many mossy shrimps at serious condition undirectly its to be influenced fot shrimp quality that to be obtained. The stages of occurred mossy shrimps, usually are among others :

1. Pond waters transparancy is very high, moreover to pond bottom;
   
   
2. Plankthon within pond waters is very difficult to be grown that it caused by minimized plankthon seeds;
   
   
3. Fertilizer usage with high dosage;
   
   
4. Caused by point 1 and point 2 above and it’s occuring at a long time, so it will stimulated moss growth at pond bottom;
   
   
5. The moss begin grow on shrimps body gradually

In order to anticipate the problems like mentioned above, so the technical treatmen that it can be implemented, are among others :

1. Pond water subtitution gradually;
   
   
2. Execute plankthon seeds inoculation;
   
   
3. Using fertilizer with normal dosage;
   
   
4. At mossy shrimps at serious condition can be used saponin with normal dosage to stimulated shrimps moulting process (unrecommended)

Based on discussion like mentioned above, there is a basicaly note related with mossy shrimps, the moss can lost if the shrimps be normally moulting.

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The Concept of Size and Quality of Shrimp for Price

An understanding of size and quality of shrimp is very close with shrimp marketing aspect that is a last stage from shrimp culture to can beginning again at next period. Unlike other commodities, shrimps is a high perishable commodity, with the result that shrimps handling and processing before to be marketed is need fast and simple handling concept in order to avoid decreasing shrimps quality, because quality degradation is significant to shrimp price. Several factors that can influencing shimp quality, are among others :

1. Shrimps are infected by diseases;
   
   
2. Technical treatment influence a moment before harvesting process;
   
   
3. Harvesting time arrangement influence that it reason a mass moulting for shrimps;
   
   
4. Pond bottom condition that it possible reason to scratched shrimps at harvesting process;
   
   
5. Shrimps harvesting method;
   
   
6. Harvesting time;
   
   
7. Colder equipment/ice availibility;
   
   
8. Transportation equipment availibility;
   
   
9. Carrying time.

After pass through harvesting process, then the shrimps to be handled by cold storage division to be sorting based on size and quality to determining standard of shrimp prices.

The meaning of size is the number/amount of shrimps within 1 (one) kilogram weigth , with the result that more bigger the size so the shrimp measurement is more smaller.

Beside the size, another aspect that influencing shrimp price is quality of the shrimps. Quality standard that usually to be used, are :

1. First Quality (FQ), the shrimps on normal condition also its have part of body completely and undamaged;;
   
   
2. Second Quality (SQ), the shrimps on normal condition also its have part of body completely but scratched;
   
   
3. Below Standard (BS), physically the shrimps already damaged or broken.

In line with the concept of size and quality of shrimp, then a total shrimp price can be counted through calculate size percentage and shrimp quality from total weight times price based on it size and quality.

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Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?

Once in a while at a cycle of shrimp culture, it be wiewed that shrimps was convoyed on a pond. A simple definition of convoy shrimps is the shrimps (as group) moving continuosly on same direction around the pond. Convoy shrimps activities could be happen at everytime from fry age phase until it come close to harvested.

A phenomena of convoy shrimps is one of trouble indication that related with it surround water environmental as well as from the shrimps as itselves. Like it have been discussed before that pond water environment is a limited water ecosystem, its just include environment on a pond with the result that organism activation within a pond would limited too. That organisms have no alternative choises to looking for another environment if balanced ecosystem on trouble.

In order to looking for a comfortable water environment, then if any trouble on a pond the shrimps will try immediately to looking for an environtmet that it make shrimps “feel at home”. Because shrimps activitiy area is limited by a pond, so the shrimps just can go around that pond and its like convoy.

Basically convoy shrimps is a “body language” from the shrimps (individual/group) as a creature which its signed that the shrimps need a treatment that can fulfill its necessity. Based on that discussion above, so a shrimp culture parctician/technician should understanding about shrimp “body language” (in this case convoy shrimps) in order to it can anticipated a trouble early.

A simple method that can be implemented to detected what kind that shrimp need at convoy is spread and thrown shrimp feed at several location in a pond. The conclusions that can be take from implementation of this method are :

1. The shrimp is interested with feed. A sign from this condition is the shrimp to come near to consumed the feed. If that feed is already used up, the shrimps usually will looking for feed at surround and if not found then the shrimps will convoy again. This method can be implemented repeatedly untill it get a same result surely. Based on that condition, so it can be conclused that a convoy shrimps reason is feed lack. If found this phenomena, then a decission that it need to be decided is reviewing feed program especiaaly it related with daily feed program in line with shrimp need level.
   
   
2. The shrimps is not interested with feed and still convoying. Based on this condition, so it can be conclused that a convoy shrimps reason is related with decreased water quality. If found this phenomena, so increased the water quality quickly in line with shrimps need (water quality management program have been detailed on discussion before).
   

Knowledgement about convoy shrimps and it handling decisions is one of alternative to detected a trouble on shrimp culture

And remember “don’t be have opinion that convoy shrimps is easy, if don’t want get a serious problems”

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Recognized Shrimp Condition

Recognized Shrimp Condition

One of characteristhic from shrimp culture like it have been discussed before is shrimp sensitivity. Different from shrimp natural habitat, pond is a artificial habitat form for shrimp. Inside the pond, shrimp is very sensitive toward changes that happened at around it environment that caused by natural factors (changes of climate, wheather, water) although caused by shrimp culture technical treatment factors on that pond.

Based on logical frame above, so except knowledge in line with shrimp fry quality criteria (it have been discused before), another aspect that so important to be known is practicaly knowledge about shrimp condition that it can be implemented directly at the field. This knowledge is tobe need as reference on decision making process related with a trouble that happened at shrimps included a treatment which it need to be implemented in accordance with fastly, exactly also effective and efficien.

Some parameters that can be used on diagnosed shrimp condition are :

1. Intestines. With visual monitoring method, shrimp intestines can indicated it condition at that time. On normal condition shrimp intestines is fully and not broken also it colored as like a food that have consumed at that moment. If shrimp intestines is not on normal condition, then it need to be monitored toward another shrimp samples, and if the result is on the same condition, it can be said that the shrimps at this population is already affected by trouble/disease. Another case that need to be waried is if shrimps majority have red colored intestines, this condition is mean that shrimp have been consumed a dead/carrions shrimp. In another word, it have been a mass dead of shrimps at mentioned population that caused by a disease or another factors.
   
   A practicaly monitoring toward shrimp intestines can be done as directly and more clear if it be seen under light /sun’s ray.
   


2. Hepatopancreas.At the discussion before, it have been mentioned that this body organ is identical with shrimp stomach and its a center for shrimp digestion that located at shrimp head and on normal condition it formed like triangle also have brownish color. On the especially cases, shrimp hepatopanchreas size is decreasing and it have white or blue color. This condition is indicated that a shrimp is already affected by a problem/trouble and its need to be give technical treatment in connection with that shrimp condition.
   
   Like an intestines, a practical monitoring toward hepatopanchreas can be done as directly and more clear if it be seen under light /sun’s ray.
   


3. Shrimp body rubbery. Monitoring toward shrimp body rubbery can be done with pressing shrimp body method using two fingers. At normal condition shrimp body is rubbery feel, in the other hand at problemed condition shrimp body is porousy/softly.
   


4. Shrimp shell color, it is related with water quality at that moment. Shrimp shell is composed by chitin that is a shell shape substance which it compotion are calcium and protein. Chitin is very sensitive toward around environment changes, until at the moment that a shrimp is in the process of moulting (shell change process), shrimp shell color will adjust with water quality at that moment. At the normal condition, shrimp shell is seem cleany and shined. A condition that need to be waried is if shrimp shell become redden (indicated red gill disease), it have white spot (indicated white spot disease), also it have blue seem color (indicated oxigen and nutrient is minus. Other condion that need to be conscientioused that is mossy shrimp shell that caused by high water brigth level with the result that mossy will sprout up at bottom.
   


5. Shrimp gill. This body organ also need to be conscientioused on shrimp condition monitoring process. At a normal condition, shrimp gill is cleany. A matter that need to be waried is if shrimp gill become dirty and redness also shrimp become passively that is indicated red gill disease.


6. Body organ completely. At normal condition, shrimp body organ is complete, some situation that need to be conscientioused is shrimp on like condition : lack tail, broken antennas, broken legs, lacerated skin and other organ is missing. This condition caused by cannibalism or disease.
   

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Shrimp Fry Quality Criteria

Knowledge about shrimp fry quality on the shrimp culture is a significant aspect to be known for shrimp farmer although it’s technician. However, fry is a “seed” for shrimp, with the indirectly result that it’s influence toward shrimp profil that will be produced in accordance with quality although quantity at a harvesting moment through shrimp culture process.

Based on fry shrimp sources, generaly it’s could be difference on 2 (two)catagorized, that are :

1. Natural shrimp fries, that to be collected directly from nature. As an individual and on normal condition, shrimp fry could be said it more defensiveness concerning it’s environment changes (not extremely changes). But shrimp fries that will be cultured, it have basicaly weakness, there are : in view as population shrimp fries have highly uniform level from ages, size/weights, moreover it’s qualities. That weakness of course will impact at shrimp culture process, paricularly on treatment although feeding program that will be implemented.
   


2. Hatchery shrimp fry, that to be found from frying location or that to be known as hatchery. The benefits from this fry there are as population it have more better uniform level than natural shrimp fries in view from age, size/weights, moreover it’s quality because hatchery shrimp fry is by way of frying process.

Determination of shrimp fry categories (natural/hatchery) that will be used on shrimp culture of course must based on it’s weakness/benefit from each category refer from shrimp culture scale (traditional, semi-intensive, intensive) also shrimp fry stocks in an area considerated shrimp culture period.

Shrimp quality monitoring is a effort to anticipate trouble/problem related with shrimp condition on shrimp culture process, until that to be need knowledge about it (like an aphorism “ the fruit that we will consume, it’s depend on seed that we has be plant”). Based on method, shrimp quality monitoring, can diference through with 2 (two) categories, that are :

1. Laboratory monitoring. The conclusion which to be resulted from this monitoring more detailed and scientificaly, but it ‘s not practice on field implementation (not will be discussed anymore).
   


2. Visually direct monitoring. This monitoring is usually to be implemented by shrimp culture technician, because decision making process that based on this monitoring is more faster of course refering on standard criterias.
   

A practically monitoring of fry shrimp with visual methods have been discussed before (on fry sampling topic). The standard that to be used on this monitoring included appearance of shrimp fry body and it’s activities at those moment, there are : (i) body color, (ii) eyes, (iii) tail/carapace, (iv) completely of part of body, (v) size, (vi) unmovement postion, (vii) sense toward move shock, (viii) swimming destination, (ix) sense toward food, (x) shell/chitin, and (xi) group.

Furthermore, the standard and criterias as mentioned above like as on beneath tabulation.

No.	Appearance/ Activities of Shrimp Fry	Quality of Shrimp Fry
		Fine	Poor
1.	Body Color	Brownish/dark	White to yellow
2.	Eyes	Shined	Dimmed
3.	Tail/carapace	Opened	Closed
4.	Unmovement position	Horizontal	Vertical
5.	Sense toward moved shock	Active	Pasive
6.	Swimming destination	Oposed current	Involved current
7.	Sense toward food	Active	Pasive
8.	Size at same age	Uniformed	Variated
9.	Parts of body	Completed	Uncompleted/broken
10.	Proportion of body size with age	Standard	Not standard
11.	Shell/chitin	Unspotted	Spotted
12.	Group	Spreaded	Grouped

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2. The Concept of Size and Quality of Shrimp for Price
   
3. We Follow the Shrimps not the Shrimps Follow Us !
   
4. Love Your Shrimps
5. Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?
6. Recognized Shrimps Condition
7. Broken Tail/Uropods on Shrimp

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