Shrimp Culture Development Concept – 02

Like already discussed before, the concept of shrimp culture development be affected by 4 main factors, there are : (1) waters, (2) land/area, (3) technology, and (4) human resources that each others is a unit that can’t be separated.

Waters factor is an aspect that to be need for created a shrimps habitat within pond on a balanced waters ecosystem condition that it’s close with shrimps original habitat. The waters source that be used for shrimp culture activities is marine waters which still preserve it capabilities, like physic, biology, chemist as well as ecology. Waters factors is very close with land factors, because at shrimp culture activities moment, pond productivity very be affected by waters quality within pond also land (soil) as pond bottom.

Waters condition is as growth media for shrimps that to be cultured, whereas land (soil) is a nutrition supplier also as decomposed media for shrimps metabolism results as well as others biota within pond waters ecosystem. For shrimp culture with low density that it rely on natural feed, land (soil) fertility is an important factor for that natural feed growth. Whereas, for shrimp culture with high density that it rely on feed from outer, this fertility factor is becoming not important enough. Beside land (soil) fertility, poisonous contents is a factor that to be need identificated, because poisonous contents is dangerous for shrimps.

Basically, shrimp culture activities is create an artificial environment that in line with shrimps natural habitat, it must using science and technology for “guard” shrimp culture process over right with profitable production. Technically, shrimp culture process included activities, like among others :

1. Preparation of cultivation.
   
2. Management of waters quality;
   
3. Management of quality and growth of shrimp/fry;
   
4. Management of feeding program;
   
5. Shrimp culture problems handling;
   
6. Harvesting system, and
   
7. Post harvesting management

Application of technical shrimp culture is need to be supported by sufficient equipments and infrastructures in order to avoid significant problems for shrimp culture activities. The equipments/infrastuctures are among others :

1. Shrimp culture equipment, including materials and tools (water wheels, water pumps, spiral water pipes, fish scoop net, fish casting net, weight measure tooll, etc) and materials for shrimp culture production (fertilizer, saponin, chlorine, chemist material, etc.);
   
2. Electricity infrastructures and it network;
   
3. Yield handling infrastructures (ice factory, cold storage, etc);
   
4. Transportation infrastructures within or outter location;
   
5. Fuel procurement infrastructures;
   
6. Clean water infrastructures, and
   
7. Social infrastructures

Another significant factors for shrimp culture development is human resources factor, there are include fund owner and shrimp culture actors that they make mutual relationship to take a satisfaction oriented results from shrimp culture activity. Funded owner surely have an expectation in order to get the shrimp culture development can guarantee that the investment is safely, whereas the shrimp culture actors are very affected for successfully of shrimp culture activities process to take profitable. Human resources capabilities factors related with financial as well as science and technology will affect for sustainability of shrimp culture development.

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Shrimp Culture Development Concept – 01

Background

Basically, shrimp culture is an activities to growing all at once cultivated shrimps within a media that called pond. The cultivation method that to be used usually is by provided a specific environment condition which suitable for shrimps at specific time with the result that the shrimps condition is financial reasonable to be obtained/utilized.

Shrimp culture activities have several characteristics if it be equalized with other cultivation, there are among others :

1. Unvisible object, it’s mean that all shrimps behaviour within pond waters can’t be monitored directly because it covered by waters.
   
   
2. Shrimps sensitivity. Pond as artificial habitat for shrimps, within it shrimps become sensitive to arround environment change that caused by natural factors (climate, wheather, waters) as well as shrimp culture technical/treatment factors.
   
   
3. Shrimp culture technology standard is still relatively. Untill present there no science and technology that have empiric charateristic which can guarantee for successfully of shrimp culture exactly. Techonology that be applied is more through waters ecosystem balance with the result that the srimps is not becoming stress and troubles.
   
   
4. Shrimp culture is need an expensive investation also large area.
   
   
5. Shrimp cuture have a high profit level all at once a high risk level. The expensive shrimp price can give a big profit if shrimp culture activities already successfully, in the other hand if technical capability, climate changes and social environment is not sufficient, they can make shrimp culture activities very susceptible for production failure.
   
   
6. Perishable. We know that shrimp is a very easy decomposed commudity, with the result that a handling process at harvesting time must really pay attention temperature factor in order to it quality can be maintained.

The concept of shrimp culture development be affected by 4 main factors, there are : (1) waters, (2) land/area, (3) technology, and (4) human resources that each others is a unit that can’t be separated (as illustration see at figure below). Considering that shrimp culture is a profit oriented activity, so the approaches that to be used to that four main factors, it’s must be conditioned on approach that direct at safety and comfortable financial condition for the personels that involved within shrimp culture activities.

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The History of Shrimp Culture

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_farming

Shrimp have been farmed for centuries in Asia, using traditional low-density methods. Indonesian brackish water ponds called tambaks can be traced back as far as the 15th century. Shrimp were farmed on a small scale in ponds, in monocultures or together with other species such as milkfish, or in rotation with rice, using the rice paddies for shrimp cultures during the dry season, when no rice could be grown.

Such traditional cultures often were small operations in coastal areas or on river banks. Mangrove areas were favoured because of their naturally abundant supply of shrimp. Wild juvenile shrimp were trapped in ponds and reared on naturally occurring organisms in the water until they had the desired size and then were harvested.

The origins of industrial shrimp farming can be traced back to the 1930s, when Kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) was spawned and cultivated for the first time in Japan. By the 1960s, a small shrimp farming industry had appeared in Japan.[3] Commercial shrimp farming began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Technological advances led to ever more intensive forms of shrimp farming, and the growing market demand led to a proliferation of shrimp farms throughout the world, concentrated in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The growing consumer demand coincided in the early 1980s with faltering wild shrimp catches, creating a veritable boom in shrimp aquaculture. Taiwan was amongst the early adopters and a major producer in the 1980s; its production collapsed beginning in 1988 due to poor management practices and disease.

In Thailand, large-scale intensive shrimp farming expanded rapidly from 1985. In South America, shrimp farming was pioneered by Ecuador, where it expanded dramatically from 1978. Brazil had been active in shrimp farming since 1974, but the trade really boomed there only in the 1990s, making the country a major producer within a few years. Today, there are marine shrimp farms in over fifty countries.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_farming

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Shrimp Culture Area Development - (6)

Socio-Community Approach

Socio-community as macro is mean a social and community condition that be present at around shrimp culture development area and it always interacted with activities and shrimp culture personnels within area as social relationship as well as other activitie. That situation is need an appropriate approach in order to make “a conducive climate”, accessiblity and acceptabilityof socio-community concerning shrimp culture area development. Some matters that it can be reviewed as logical basic are among others :

1. Shrimp culture area development planning must involving local stakeholder participation;
   
   
2. Shrimp culture area development must employing inhabitant from surroundings area;
   
   
3. Shrimp culture area development must affordable to creating new occupation for peopleswho life at surroundings area;
   
   
4. Life style of community within shrimp culure area is not making social jealousy for other community who life at surroundings area;
   
   
5. Shrimp culture area development must notice occupation of peoples who life at surroundings area and land use pattern in order to avoid conflict of interest;
   
   
6. Shrimp culture area development can growing community awareness and perception in order to increasing their prosperity.

Socio-community approach to be implemented with referred on benefit value and flexibility that can be acceptable by community who live at surroundings area, with the result that shrimp culture area development can stimulating and supporting socio economic growth process to more better. In the other hand, a condition like this is a society comfortable zone for shrimp culture activities because already happen a symbiosis mutualism between both of them.

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Shrimp Culture Area Development - (5)

Shrimp Culture Equipment Approach

The successfully of shrimp culture operational is very influenced by suitable supporting equipment as well as its quality or its quantity in order to not becoming a serious trouble for shrimp culture activities (profitable shrimp culture). Generally, shrimp culture equipment divided by two categories, there are (i) shrimp culture production equipment that it to be need for technical treatment, and (ii) equipments for supporting shrimp culture activities process.

Shrimp culture production equipment that it to be used commonly, among others are :

1. Organic and unorganic fertilizer that to be need on plankhon growing process and preserving plankthon quality;
   
   
2. Lime that to be need on pond soil’s pH and water’s pH management;
   
   
3. Chlorine (calcium hipochlorit) that to be used on sterilization of pond bottom and waters;
   
   
4. Saponin that to be used for elimination of shrimp pedator and competitor within pond or it to be used as waters management stimulant;
   
   
5. Chemical substance that to be used on shrimps and waters quality management (it is not recommended);
   
   
6. Waterwheels that to be used for oxigen circulation and directing pond bottom waste also supporing on water quality management process;
   
   
7. Ancho that to be used for controlling feeding program and monitoring shrimps quality;
   
   
8. Jala and weight measure tool that to be used on shrimp sampling process for monitoring shrimp’s growth and shrimp’s quality;
   
   
9. Water pump and spiral pipe that to be used for cleaning bottom of pond;
   
   
10. Scoop (fish trap tool) that to be used for removing waste at waters surface.
    

Besides shrimp culture production equipment like mentioned above, then shrimp culture activities also it to be supported by equipments(or infrastructures) for supporting shrimp culture activities process and its more permanently, there are:

1. Electricity source and it installation;
   
   
2. Transportation for technical necesseray and shrimp culture implementor;
   
   
3. Hacthery, if shrimp culture development area is an integrated area;
   
   
4. Shrimp feed procurement, if shrimp culture development area is integrated area;
   
   
5. Cold storage, facility that to be used for accommodate and processed shrimps that it harvest result;
   
   
6. Ice factory, that to be need for preserving shrimp quality at harvesting process until sending to cold storage;
   
   
7. Equipment for pond maintenance;
   
   
8. Fuel procurement infrastructure;
   
   
9. Fresh water infrastructures.
   

Shrimp culture equipment/infrastructure avalibilities like mentioned above are need special monitoring and management on deciding it’s necessity level and procurement in order to avoid empty or over stock with the result that can influenced production process. In order to take in hand that problems, it is need reviewed several things, there are :

1. Quantities;
   
   
2. Necessery urgent level;
   
   
3. Stock quantties that ready at location;
   
   
4. Equipment procurement source location;
   
   
5. Stock quantities that ready at equipment procurement source location;
   
   
6. Equipment procurement methods;
   
   
7. Equipment qualities;
   
   
8. Price fluctuation.
   

That reviewing at above is related with shrimp culture production cost that it very influenced on provit value.

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Shrimp Culture Area Development - (4)

Shrimp Culture Technically Approach

As basicaly, shrimp culture technology is an integrated management system to making an environment condition within a pond in order to appropriate with shrimp habitat and behaviour as naturally starting at fry age phase till normal harvesting phase. Management system that include on shrimp culture technology, among others are :

1. Determining shrimp culture pattern/system (intensive, semi-intensive, traditional, monoculture/multiculture, and culture frequency). Shrimp culture pattern/system that will be implemented must adjust with lan and water capabilities also technology and finance capabilities;
   
   
2. Preparation of culture land (fry age phase) must making optimal conditions as really for suitability fries life, because it is an environment changes/transition from hatchery to pond environment;
   
   
3. Selection of kind and quality of fry. Quality and quantity of fry must selected as really in order to get high survival rate and it’s not make a trouble since early;
   
   
4. Water qualities management must refer on equally of water ecosystem within pond;
   
   
5. Feeding program must following shrimp need in order to avoid over feeding that it can resulting decomposed at pond bottom and it dangerous for shrimp. Besides of that, feeding program must resulting low Food Coversion Ratio (FCR) value. The FCR value will influenced for profit value of shrimp culture at mentioned period.
   
   
6. Shrimp growth and qualities management must be implemented as continuous in order to it’s technology and treatment that be given appropriate with shrimp condition;
   
   
7. Shrimp culture troubles handling must appropriate with trouble maker, there are : environment, shrimp or treatment error, with the result that it decision making more be directed at trouble sources;
   
   
8. Shrimp harvesting system. The pricipal of shrimp harvesting system is to keep quality and quantity of shrimps during harvesting process because it’s will influenced on shrimp price;
   
   
9. Post harvest pond management. This activities is a process of sterilization and land reproductivity to shrimp culture activities at next period.
   

The application of shrimp culture technology as mentioned above is a unit that could not be separated, cause of that a decision making and treatment process must integrated as whole. Like on discussion before, the shrimp culture technology is not empirical yet that it could be used, as generally tecchnology that it usually to be used is still try and error.

One approach of shrimp culture technology that it be implemented is through equally of water ecosystem within pond that it appropriate with shrimp natural environment. The basic principal from this approach is : if one element of water ecosystem get a trouble, then it will happened unequally of that ecosystem and it will become a trouble for shrimps.

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Shrimp Culture Area Development - (3)

Area Approach (Micro)

In accordance with micro approaches, shrimp culture development are is an area that its to be used for all shrimp culture activities as well as farmer (or persons who related it) activities. The approaches that to be implemented have to refered on concept of shrimp culture area that it safe, comfortable and conducive for all the doer of shrimp culture on their activities at that area. Several aspects that will reviewed on this case, among others are :

1. Shrimp culture area have a “green belt” and a jetty (water breaker) to protected from abration at that area;
   
   
2. Shrimp culture area is an integrated area between culture area, settlement, office, logistic, shrimp culture means, etc;
   
   
3. Shrimp culture area is an integrated area between plot of pond, water inlet and water outlet, electricity, etc,;
   
   
4. Shrimp culture area have transportation infrastructure (as well as land and water transportations) in order to support inside and outside activities;
   
   
5. Especially for land of plot of pond : (i) the soil is not “poreous” category that it can influenced pond water volume fluctuation; (ii) soil is not “ferrit” category that it can dangerous for shrimps; (iii) The structure and construction of pond is appropriate with tidal level that it influenced for water circulation; (iv) Shrimp culture area have an accessibilities for culture activites;
   
   
6. Shrimp culture area development have to natural friendly.
   

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Shrimp Culture Area Development - (2)

Area Approach (Macro)

Water Resources

Water resources/coastal (marine) is significant component for shrimp culture activities, because this componen is shrimp’s habitat, with the result that it success is definite how the water quality capabilities as water resources for shrimp culture. Several aspects that need to be reviewed on fixed water/marine suitability level on shrimp culture activities, among others are :

1. The water resources/marine is not open open waters (its recommended straint or bay), until the abration level and sedimentation at shrimp culture area is not high enough;
   
   
2. The water qualities (physic, chemist and biology) is at normally limit for shrimp culture activities;
   
   
3. The tidal pattern is semi-diurnal or diurnal that it capable for water circulation;
   
   
4. Water resources is not a kind of waters that it’s busy for activities of tourisms, sailing, fish catching, and other activities that it can influenced water qualities and shrimp culture activities;
   
   
5. Water pollutions level (it caused by home waste or industry waste) is minimized.
   

Water resources approach like mentioned above will be used as reference on fixed shrimp culture technology concept appropriate with water resources capabilities in that area.

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Shrimp Culture Area Development - 1

Area Approach (Macro)

Land

Shrimp culture area development planning is need reviewed area aspects especially it surooud environment in order to avoid any conflict of interests and any constraints at implementation on the future. Several aspects that need to be reviewed, among others are :

1. Land use status for shrimp culture development must to clear (property right, traditional own right, etc);
   
   
2. Land not on lawsuit condition or conflict;
   
   
3. Climate and weather conditions is suitable for chrimp culture activities;
   
   
4. Land topographic and geomorphologic coditions is possible for shrimp culture development;
   
   
5. Shrimp culture area development is not damaged for surround ecosystems;
   
   
6. Shrimp culture area, if possible its not near with settlement, industries, agriculture area;
   
   
7. Shrimp culture are must to near with big river as shrimp culture waste throw place.
   

Several aspects that it mentioned above are judgement matters before establish plan and designed shrimp culture area development based on area suitabilities. That approaches also refer on logal gornmend regulations, customary laws and other regulation that related with it.

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