tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90697174973779059682024-03-06T07:29:11.234+07:00shrimp culture informationProvides a discussion forum and information on shrimp and prawn culture in Indonesia.marindrohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10378109985835832547noreply@blogger.comBlogger151125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9069717497377905968.post-41392696072075618222011-06-12T13:12:00.003+07:002011-06-12T13:15:26.507+07:00Beware to Cannibalism among Shrimps<div style="text-align: justify;">Viewed from the aspects of biology, shrimps have its own characteristics compared to other biota. Some of the unique natures of shrimps have been described in earlier discussion (as being nocturnal animals, and as negative phototaxis animal). One of the other characteristics of the shrimps is the nature of cannibalism among the shrimps.</div><a name='more'></a><div style="text-align: justify; width: 500px;"><div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px;"><script type="text/javascript">
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In this discussion, cannibalism among the shrimps can be interpreted as characteristics to prey on other shrimps at certain times. Understanding of cannibalism characteristics in the shrimps closely associated with feeding programs and the level of shrimp uniformity.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cannibalism in the shrimp usually occurs in conditions of food availability in the water needed by the shrimp ponds had very low amounts. In this condition the process of predation / cannibalism that occurs are as follows:</div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>The shrimps with normal conditions will prey other shrimps on weak condition</li>
<li>The shrimps with larger size will prey smaller sized shrimps</li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cannibalism among shrimps can occur in a pond waters caused by two main factors namely; (1) feeding programs applied not meet to the shrimps need level at certain times and this condition was not immediately anticipated, (2) the level of shrimp uniformity in the pond waters are very high, so the size of shrimps is varies between small to big.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">As a main result of the process of cannibalism among the shrimps is the decreasing population of shrimps in the pond waters. Another result that could have caused by cannibalism among the shrimps is the process of disease transmission if the consumed shrimp is infected by the disease consumed by another shrimp. On condition of pond waters with initial population is very dense, the process of cannibalism among the shrimps that are not immediately anticipated may also cause the value of FCR (Food Conversion Ratio) is high. This condition will indirectly reduce the level of financial benefits that should be obtained.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some factors to be considered to minimize the occurrence of cannibalism among shrimps, among others are:</div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Feeding programs should be implemented by following the shrimp need level based on the careful observation</li>
<li>In the early period of shrimp culture, the shrimp fries be stocked should have the same uniformity, so that the process of growth does not have the size of shrimp that is too conspicuous to one another.</li>
<li>Observe the digestive of shrimp and shrimp feces routinely to detect the onset of the process of cannibalism that has happened and will happen</li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Referring to the above description, the knowledge about the characteristics cannibalism among the shrimps should be understood by the shrimp culture technicians as an effort to avoid more serious problems, both technical and financial benefits.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #993300; font-weight: bold;">Related Post :</span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2011/06/shrimps-are-negative-phototaxis-animal.html">Shrimps are Negative Phototaxis Animal</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2011/06/shrimps-are-nocturnal-animal.html">Shrimps are Nocturnal Animal</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/06/shrimps-hepatopanchreas-as-indicator-of.html%20">Shrimp’s Hepatopanchreas as Indicator of Shrimp Condition</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/05/shrimp-feces-as-indicator-of-shrimp.html">Shrimp's Feces as Indicator of Shrimp Condition</a><br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/broken-tailuropods-on-shrimp.html">Broken Tail/Uropods on Shrimp</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/mossy-shrimps.html">The Mossy Shrimps</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/concept-of-size-and-quality-of-shrimp.html">The Concept of Size and Quality of Shrimp for Price</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/we-follow-shrimps-not-shrimps-follow-us.html">We Follow the Shrimps not the Shrimps Follow Us !</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/02/love-your-shrimp.html">Love Your Shrimps</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/01/why-does-shrimps-convoy-mengapa-udang.html">Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2007/10/recognized-shrimp-condition-mengenal.html">Recognized Shrimps Condition</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2007/10/shrimp-fry-quality-criteria-kriteria.html">Shrimp Fry Quality Criteria</a></li>
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to the data issued by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishery (CTF), the performance of national shrimp rose by 2.6% from 338,060 tons in 2009 to 352,600 tons in 2010.</div><a name='more'></a><div style="width: 500px;"><div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px;"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Although small, the figure of national shrimp production has increased. According to the data issued by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fishery (CTF), the performance of national shrimp rose by 2.6% from 338,060 tons in 2009 to 352,600 tons in 2010. The increase was claimed as an achievement since the figure was much better than the performance of 2009 whose production was 30% negative from the 2008 production.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">For the last 3 years, the national shrimp production has been in trouble due to diseases, but entering 2011 there seems a light at the end of the tunnel. A report released by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) Fisheries showed a good “report card” for the Indonesian shrimp exports to the United States. In January 2011 the export volume reached 6042 MT (Metric Ton), 18.4% more than in January 2010, which was 5091 MT. Although not as high as the export figure in January 2009, which reached 6608 MT, at least this increase is expected to be the beginning of a positive trend of shrimp production throughout 2011.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">According to the Chairman of Shrimp Club Indonesia (SCI), Iwan Sutanto, the positive trend was partly triggered by the shrimp prices which have been on the increase since late 2010. Vannamei shrimp prices at the farmer level were up between Rp 10,000 and Rp 12,000 per kg. The price hike that occurred from the end of September until December 2010 was for all sizes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">"Farmers are getting more enthusiastic to increase their production due to the high price of shrimp, "said Iwan to TROBOS recently by phone, as indicated by the SCI shrimp production in 2010 which reached 130 thousand tons, up about 20% from the 2009. The total production originated from 500 SCI members who are managing a total pond area of about 11 thousand hectares spreading in Lampung, East Java, North Sumatra, Sumbawa, and South Sulawesi.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">The significant increase in prices, Iwan continued, resulted from continuously increased demand for shrimp. Nevertheless, the increase in shrimp production has been relatively slow. Environmental degradation and disease threats have forced farmers to lessen the shrimp density in their ponds. "The density that used to be 150 to 170 shrimp fry per m2, but now for a caution reason the density is ranging from 100 to 120 per m2," said Iwan.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Source: <a href="http://www.trobos.com/show_article.php?rid=6&aid=2840"><b>Trobos</b> </a></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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To be sure that the shrimp has a negative phototaxis nature, a treatment can be done is to give light stimuli (can use a flashlight) to the shrimps that looks active on the edge of pond. Get the treatment, the shrimps will go away towards the light source. This treatment is clearly visible result if done at night.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The nature of negative phototaxis on shrimps is the primary basis of the shrimp culture technical applications, especially to the pond water quality management. The management of plankton in the pond water is closely related to efforts to provide comfortable for the shrimps from the influence of direct sunlight penetration. Referring to this rationale, the level of plankton stability in the pond water is very important for the condition and quality of shrimps within it.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Another thing that needs attention related to negative phototaxis nature, among others are:</div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>At the time of pond water volume reduction in large amount conducted at night, should be avoided as the treatment of excessive pond lights. This can cause the shrimp will feel stress which can lead to mass molting shrimps.</li>
<li>At the time of full moon (not in cloud conditions) should be avoided technical treatments that are too extreme, because at that time the shrimps are tend to do molting.</li>
<li>At the time of harvesting shrimp which is conducted at night, should be avoided l the treatment of excessive pond lights at the time of pond water is still high. Similar to the explanation of item no. 1 above, it is feared that mass molting shrimp occurred so it have an effect on the condition and quality of shrimp that are harvested as well as an effect on the selling price of shrimps.</li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;">The nature of negative phototaxis on shrimp also can be used as indicator of shrimp condition at a certain moment. In normal shrimp, the shrimp will immediately react (away) against the stimuli of light. In contrast to the shrimp which is indication affected by a problem (disease) is more passive to light stimuli are given, even in serious conditions, the shrimp did not react at all despite being given light stimuli.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #993300; font-weight: bold;"> Related Post :</span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2011/06/shrimps-are-nocturnal-animal.html">Shrimps are Nocturnal Animal</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/06/shrimps-hepatopanchreas-as-indicator-of.html%20">Shrimp’s Hepatopanchreas as Indicator of Shrimp Condition</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/05/shrimp-feces-as-indicator-of-shrimp.html">Shrimp's Feces as Indicator of Shrimp Condition</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/broken-tailuropods-on-shrimp.html">Broken Tail/Uropods on Shrimp</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/mossy-shrimps.html">The Mossy Shrimps</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/concept-of-size-and-quality-of-shrimp.html">The Concept of Size and Quality of Shrimp for Price</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/we-follow-shrimps-not-shrimps-follow-us.html">We Follow the Shrimps not the Shrimps Follow Us !</a><br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/02/love-your-shrimp.html">Love Your Shrimps</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/01/why-does-shrimps-convoy-mengapa-udang.html">Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2007/10/recognized-shrimp-condition-mengenal.html">Recognized Shrimps Condition</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2007/10/shrimp-fry-quality-criteria-kriteria.html">Shrimp Fry Quality Criteria</a></li>
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These biological characteristics should be used as a reference for the perpetrators of shrimp culture in determining the technical treatment to be applied in accordance with the conditions and level of shrimps need.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Referring to the above description, then some aspects that need to get attention on the shrimp culture process activities, among others are as follows:</div><br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Monitoring of the condition and quality of shrimp should be performed more intensively at night. Because at night we can observe the shrimps with a higher level of activity than during the day. Some aspects to consider in monitoring activities in the evenings among others: the reaction of shrimps against the shock stimuli given, reaction of shrimps to the light stimuli given, and the shrimps appetite level.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>The amount of feed given at night should be higher than during the day. As nocturnal animals, shrimps more active looking for food at night, so that if the amount of feed given are less to meet the needs of shrimps, It is feared will happen the cannibalism and shrimps will be have high uniformity levels.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Waterwheel should be operated as much as possible both in number and length of operation time of water wheel. As well known, at night the amount of oxygen in pond waters are less than during the day. This condition caused the competition of oxygen consumption by all organisms within the pond waters. The shrimps are more active at night, of course, their need to consume oxygen in accordance with the level of activity at the time. So if the amount of oxygen in pond water is less, it is feared will reduce the level of quality and condition of shrimps.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>In the night should be prevented the occurrence of mass mortality of plankton (plankton collapse) because it will cause any shocks to the quality of pond waters, and if this happens continuously, it can cause serious problems for the shrimps.</li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Based on the above description, it can be said that the nocturnal nature of the shrimp is one of the critical aspects that require attention for the perpetrators of shrimp farming. Instead, we are a human who do not have nocturnal nature like the shrimps, so that the actually critical point is a feeling lazy to do an accurate observation at night. The main key to overcoming this problem is back on philosophy as ever been discussed previously, ie "we follow the shrimps, not shrimps follow us."</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><script type="text/javascript">
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Related Post :</span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/06/shrimps-hepatopanchreas-as-indicator-of.html%20">Shrimp’s Hepatopanchreas as Indicator of Shrimp Condition</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/05/shrimp-feces-as-indicator-of-shrimp.html">Shrimp's Feces as Indicator of Shrimp Condition</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/broken-tailuropods-on-shrimp.html">Broken Tail/Uropods on Shrimp</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/mossy-shrimps.html">The Mossy Shrimps</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/concept-of-size-and-quality-of-shrimp.html">The Concept of Size and Quality of Shrimp for Price</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/we-follow-shrimps-not-shrimps-follow-us.html">We Follow the Shrimps not the Shrimps Follow Us !</a><br />
</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/02/love-your-shrimp.html">Love Your Shrimps</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/01/why-does-shrimps-convoy-mengapa-udang.html">Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2007/10/recognized-shrimp-condition-mengenal.html">Recognized Shrimps Condition</a></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2007/10/shrimp-fry-quality-criteria-kriteria.html">Shrimp Fry Quality Criteria</a></li>
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Under these conditions, up to now many specialized studies and research related to shrimp disease which are expected to be applied as a technical treatment of cultivation to overcome the disease problems. The existing cultivation technical treatments that's available are vary widely, from prevention as well as medications with the same goal which are to minimize financial losses due to disease problems.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Before further discussing, there are two fundamental questions related to the phenomenon that are obtained from the realities in the field, there are:</div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Why does at a time when many diseases attack (shrimp disease season) there are some areas /ponds can be saved up to the normal harvest?</li>
<li>Why does in the good season for shrimp culture, there are some areas/ponds which are attacked by diseases?</li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Based on the two questions mentioned above, there are two keywords that are very important, namely (i) <b>the season of diseas</b>e and (ii) <b>the condition of shrimp</b>.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Related to the disease, in the shrimp farming are recognized terms of disease season and a good season. In simple, disease season can be defined as the occurrence of epidemics with high intensity in a very wide area coverage in a specified period. In this season, there is the presumption that has been familiar for the technicians of shrimp culture, as good as any cultivation technical treatment that is applied, so shrimp cultivation process that was running would get into trouble (an assumption that should not make us too pessimistic).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">While, good season can be defined as a period of shrimp culture with the intensity of the disease attacks are relatively low. In this season, there is also the presumption that has been familiar for the technicians of shrimp culture, in this season the shrimp pond if left unchecked will surely succeed (an overly optimistic assumption that could cause problems).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In addition to disease season, another keyword is the condition of shrimp. In the process of cultivation, shrimp is the main subject, so that the condition of shrimp is one of the most important factors that need special attention. As has been described in previous discussions, in good condition, shrimp is able to survive in extreme environmental conditions within a certain period, otherwise in a condition that is not good, shrimp is highly vulnerable to disease and other problems. This can be analogous with the human resistance against environmental conditions. We as human when in relatively good condition has a strong immunity against the disease from the environment around us, on the contrary, if the condition of our body is not fit, it will be susceptible to disease.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Based on the questions and the descriptions as mentioned above, then there is one fundamental question is; Does the shrimp diseases is one of elements of pond water ecosystem? If the shrimp disease is one element of the pond water ecosystem, then the condition of the shrimp is a crucial factor in the success of shrimp farming. Of course, this conjecture needs to be proven through scientific research.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Related Post :</span></div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2011/03/phenomenon-of-shrimp-in-muddy-water.html">The Phenomenon of Shrimp in the Muddy Water</a><br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/we-follow-shrimps-not-shrimps-follow-us.html">We Follow the Shrimps not the Shrimps Follow Us !</a><br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/02/love-your-shrimp.html">Love Your Shrimps</a></li>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2007/10/recognized-shrimp-condition-mengenal.html">Recognized Shrimps Condition</a></li>
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A few days after harvest, pond bottom condition (prior to the pond bottom cleaning process) usually found black mud that is stagnating in some locations of pond bottom. If we observe it in the pool of black mud was still found some shrimps in the living conditions. In general phenomenon used by communities around the pond location by collect the shrimps that are still in the pool of black mud to be sold, so they can increase their income.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Based on the description of the above phenomena, there is one fundamental question that is important enough: why shrimp can survive for a certain time even in the extreme environments (=black mud)? The question arises, because we have to admit that the phenomenon of shrimp can survive in the mud water is a fact that can be said it distort to cultivation technical especially as related to pond water quality management.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In an effort to answer the question related to the above-mentioned phenomena, the approach can be used is: <b>the condition of shrimp</b>. When in good condition, the shrimp is able to survive (although for a certain time) in extreme pond waters environments (in terms of pond water quality standards). Based on the reality and this approach, then in the process of cultivation, the shrimp conditions in ponds is one of the most important factor (in addition to other factors that have been described in earlier discussions).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">In good condition, actually shrimp can survive to the changes that occur in the surrounding environment. Conversely, under conditions that are not good, shrimp are highly vulnerable to problems although the condition of the surrounding environment is good based on technical criteria for shrimp farming.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Conversely, if that happens are the process of mass molting and incidental molting, so its necessary the cultivation technical treatments to minimize adverse impacts to the process of shrimp culture in the period.</div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The cultivation technical treatments during molting shrimp time (in this discussion will focus on the conditions of mass molting shrimps) mainly to treatments of the implementation of the feeding program and pond water quality, are among others:</div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>At the time of shrimps appetite is decrease, then immediately adjust the daily feeding program by reducing the amount of feed given at each daily feeding frequency. On condition of shrimp appetite decreased extremely, then reducing the amount of feed should also be drastically. Feed reduction aims to reduce the occurrence of over-feeding can lead to accumulation of food remains that are not consumed by the shrimp at the pond bottom (the discussions related to feeding program has been described in earlier postings). One basic thing to note is while reducing the amount of feed, the daily feeding frequency should not be reduced because will result in increased the process of cannibalism and predators. Adjust the feeding program with the progress of shrimp needs during molting and after molting.</li>
<li>In the event of mass molting in shrimps, preferably the frequency and volume of pond water replacement is reduced. This is to avoid any water quality shaking that can exacerbate shrimps condition at the time of molting. In the pond water which is not stable on it transparency level, it should be conducted fertilization immediately to form a stable water transparency.</li>
<li>Check to pond water outlet channels intensively to monitor the progress of the condition and quality of shrimp in the event of mass molting. If found the shrimp carcass has been dragged out during the process of disposal of pond water, then do checks pond bottom immediately to determine the level of problems that occur. If the condition of the shrimp population has been indicated to the extreme problems, then the decision should lead to the harvesting</li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The cultivation technical treatments of during molting shrimp as mentioned above in its application is highly dependent on the conditions and qualities of pond water and the shrimp condition prior to the mass molting time. Referring to the above description and the previous discussions related to molting shrimps, then the best step that needs to be done is to attempt to avoid the occurrence of mass molting process by providing a convenient pond waters for shrimps and cultivation technical treatments applied during the process of shrimp culture are not shaking the condition of shrimp.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/06/identification-of-pond-water-quality_24.html">Identification of Pond Water Quality Problems - 02 </a><br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/importance-of-water-reservoir.html">The Importance of Water Reservoir</a><br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/01/why-does-shrimps-convoy-mengapa-udang.html">Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?</a></li>
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</div><div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) released its data regarding national shrimp production increase at 2.6% from 338,060 tons in 2009 to 352,600 tons in 2010. Unfortunately, such shrimp production increase was not sufficient so that it could not meet production target of 2010 previously defined at 400,300 tons.<a name='more'></a><div style="width: 500px;"><div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px;"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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In fact the production target has been revised in the mid of 2010 from previously 410,000 tons.<br />
<br />
Such stagnant national shrimp production made shrimp export from Indonesia to Japanese and US markets were moved by other shrimp producing countries like India and Vietnam. Whereas Thailand is still the king of world shrimp export market. The shrimp farmers, in fact, could not free themselves from shrimp disease attacks, especially in bad weather along the year has made worse attacks.<br />
<br />
Chairperson of Shrimp Club Indonesia (SCI) for Banyuwangi area, Hardi Pitoyo said that indefinite weather and climate factors make shrimp life ecosystem worse. “If it is related to climate, it will, of course, cause diseases and feeds will also be damaged and production will decrease,” said Pitoyo by phone. <br />
<br />
Unfortunately, the highest shrimp production decrease occurred in Lampung as the major shrimp producers of Indonesia. In this province, SCI and CP Prima produced shrimps so that it becomes stakeholder for national shrimp production.<br />
<br />
According to Pitoyo, of total national vannamei shrimp production of SCI group in 2010 reached 130 thousands of tons or about 62.54% of the national vannamei shrimp production. This production is derived from SCI groups including spread in, among others, East Java, Lampung, Medan, South Sulawesi, West Kalimantan, and Cirebon. The highest production of SCI is in East Java, namely about 1,000—2,000 tons per month.<br />
<br />
Whereas CP Prima as national shrimp integrator company, until September 2010, recorded shrimp production for about 33,059 tons or about 15,9% of total national vannamei shrimp production. The production was obtained from 3 shrimp farm areas of CP Prima in Lampung, namely Central Pertiwi Bahari (CPB), Wahyuni Mandira (WM) and Aruna Wijaya Sakti (AWS). Total shrimp farms in the 3 areas cover 13,507 embankments with average area for each slot is 5,000 square meters.<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Based on its behavior, shrimps are demersal biota (living in the waters bottom) so the molting process of shrimps in the pond is very difficult to observe directly because visually obstructed by the pond waters. Referring to this rationale, its need the practical indicators to detect the occurrence of molting shrimp process in ponds. The indicators are also needed as a basis for decision making related to the technical of cultivation treatments to be applied.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some practical indicators commonly used in detecting the occurrence of molting process of shrimp in the pond, among others, as follows:</div><br />
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Shrimp appetite decreased significantly. This can be known through shrimp daily feeding program, which is when the amount of feed for each daily feeding frequency suddenly decreased and lasted about 3 days. After experiencing a reduction in the amount of feed given daily, usually after molting is complete, shrimp appetite will increase again as normal.In certain conditions, a decline in shrimp appetite is very dramatically. This condition indicates there has been an incidental mass molting caused by extreme changes that occur in the environment (changes in water quality, weather changes, etc.)</li>
<li>At the time of sampling or check the feed at anco (feeding check-lift net) found some shrimps in a soft condition (without shells). In certain conditions, At the time of sampling or check the feed at anco (feeding check-lift net) found some shrimps in a soft condition in a number of very dominant. It also indicates there has been an incidental mass molting caused as in the description like item no. 1 above.</li>
<li>At the time of the pond bottom checking, shrimps are touched by our feet were not actively engaged.</li>
<li>At the time of disposal pond water, seen some shrimp shells carried out in water outlet channels.</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some practical indicators mentioned above can be used if technical cultivation and observations have been applied correctly and carefully. In the other hands, if the technical cultivation and observation carried out inconsequential then the changes that occur in the ponds associated with the molting process of shrimp will not be detected.<br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">In simple term, molting can be defined as the process of change at the shrimp shells in its infancy. In these phases, the size of shrimp meat grew while the outer shell does not grow large, so for the adjustment, the shrimp will release the old shell and reshape a new shell with conducted by calcium. This molting process resulted in increased body size periodically. When molting, the shrimp body will absorb water and grow large, then there hardening of the shell. After a hard outer shell, shrimp body size remains until the next molting cycle.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">In one cycle of shrimp culture period, molting process often occurs with a frequency of moulting is different between small size shrimp with adult shrimp. In small size shrimp, molting process is more common than adult shrimp, because of small size shrimp is the growth phase. Through visual observation, the process of molting in adult shrimp will be more easily observed than in the small size shrimp.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Based on the causes, the process of molting in the shrimp consists of two kinds, there are:</div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><b>Natural molting</b>, the process of molting in the shrimp that occur naturally as part of one of the life cycle of shrimp in its growth process;</li>
<li><b>Incidental molting</b>, the process of molting in shrimp that occur as a reaction of shrimp against extreme changes that occur in the environment (changes in water quality, climate change, etc.)</li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Meanwhile, if reviewed from the quantity, the process of molting in shrimp consisting of two kinds as well, there are:</div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><b>Individuals molting</b>, molting process that occurs in each individual shrimp either by natural processes or incidental;</li>
<li><b>Mass molting</b>, the process of molting which occurred simultaneously in a population of shrimp in the pond. This phenomenon is more dominant due to the extreme changes that occur in the environment (changes in water quality, weather changes, etc.)</li>
</ol><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Molting phase is the most critical phase for shrimp, because at this phase, the shrimp in a most weak condition and not yet hardened outer shell layer, so making it very susceptible to diseases infection and attacked by other shrimps (cannibalism) and predators. Besides susceptible to diseases and predators, in molting phase, the shrimps are also very vulnerable to environmental changes, whether environmental changes that occur in ponds and the changes that occur because of weather changes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Based on the above descriptions, then we need to observe and make decisions carefully in addressing the molting process in the running the shrimp farming. Beware to the phenomenon of shrimp molting, for the shrimp culture process in one cycle is not experience any adverse problems for us.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><script type="text/javascript">
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/01/why-does-shrimps-convoy-mengapa-udang.html">Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?</a></li>
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Of course, this posting will not discuss about this public service ad, but the discussions were focused on the three words that became the icon of this ad, there are seen, touched and viewed underlight that can be applied in identifying the condition and quality of shrimp practically.<br />
<br />
Practical knowledge on shrimp farming is needed in monitoring and identifying the condition and quality of shrimp daily as a basis for decisions making related to the technical treatments to be applied. Practical knowledge is usually conducted by using some functions of our senses to detect the changes that occur in the condition and quality of shrimps. One way that can be used is “seen, touched and viewed under a light" during the feeding monitoring or at the time of sampling. As for a detailed explanation of the meaning of “seen, touched and viewed under a light" are as follows:<br />
<ol><li><b>Seen</b>, that is a direct visual observation to the shrimp activity level at that time. In normal conditions, the shrimps will look very active even be jumping around if given “shock therapy”, otherwise if the shrimps did not seem active though given “shock therapy” it can be indicated that the shrimps were affected by a problem. In addition, the condition of shrimps that needs to be seen are the completeness of the body, shell color and texture of shrimp feces.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><b>Touched</b>, that is determining the condition of the shrimp by using our fingers. The trick is as follows: (a) take a shrimp sample and hold it by using the thumb and the index finger, then touch all parts of shrimp lightly on the tip of the tail of shrimp and feel if there are bumps in the tail. Shrimp in a normal condition at the tip of its tail was not found bumps; (b) after it is touched, press the shrimp's body using the two fingers to know the level of plasticity of shrimp body.<br />
<br />
Another thing to note is that when we hold the shrimp, the reaction level of shrimp in an attempt to break away from our grip. Shrimp in normal condition will seek to break away from our grip with a very active reaction<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><b>Viewed under a light</b>, namely the observation of shrimp condition by looking at the body's internal condition of shrimp under the sunlight. Shrimp body parts that can be viewed is the shrimp hepatopancreas and gut as an indicator of the condition of digestion and appetite level shrimp. A detailed explanation related to this has been explained in the discussion before.</li>
</ol>The observation to shrimps condition in a practical as described above, should be performed daily, so that changes in shrimp condition can be recognized early. Although the observation method is very simple, but if we do it on a regular basis the results will be very decisive in decisions making related to technical treatment of cultivation.<br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2009/04/how-to-reach-optimal-value-of-fcr-food.html">How To Reach An Optimal Value of FCR (Food Conversion Ratio)</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2009/04/dont-be-trapped-with-fcr-food.html">Don’t Be Trapped With FCR (Food Conversion Ratio) Target</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/05/natural-feed-for-shrimp-02.html">Natural Feed for Shrimp - 02</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/we-follow-shrimps-not-shrimps-follow-us.html">We Follow the Shrimps not the Shrimps Follow Us !</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/08/pond-water-color-01-logical-basic.html">Pond Water Color – 01 – Logical Basic</a><br />
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The factor associated with this condition is the level of discipline in conducting the feeding program that has been determined. It can not be denied, during the rainy season usually creates a feeling lazy on human.</div><div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;"></div><div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
As already mentioned above that aspects of feeding programs are usually disrupted during the rainy season is the levels of feeding frequency and feed distribution prevalence. If connected with a sense of lazy that appears during the rainy season, the feeding conditions that occur are as follows:<br />
</div><div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;"><ol><li>During the rain, feeding program is not conducted. This condition cause a reduction in feeding frequency on that day;<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>During the rain, the feed given to shrimp is not scattered evenly in the pond but just piled on some point locations. This condition causes the feed is not spread evenly.</li>
</ol>Both conditions mentioned above, if conducted repeatedly in one period may lead to disruption of shrimp condition especially on the level of shrimps uniformity even in extreme conditions can cause a decreasing in shrimp populations with the rationale as follows:</div><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li>Feed given unevenly in a pond (only in some locations) lead to some shrimps in a population missed the feed to be consumed. This condition can cause the level of shrimp growth in the population is not the same relatively, so if this happens repeatedly, the level of shrimps uniformity in the population will vary;<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Reduced frequency of on shrimp feeding at a a moment will be able to make the shrimp in the process of cannibalism as a “claim” against the needs of feed at that time. Continuous process of cannibalism which will cause the decreasing of shrimp population in a cultivation period. </li>
</ol><div class="fullpost" style="text-align: justify;">Referring to the mentioned explanation above, even though the rainy season it should avoid feeling lazy in providing feed to the shrimp. Discipline factor is one important factor in the shrimp culture, especially during the rainy season. However as is often described in previous discussions that one of the basic philosophy of shrimp culture is "we follow the shrimp needs not the shrimps follow our desire." Referring to this condition it can be said that the shrimps were also always having needs that must be met in any season. So when the rainy season, it should avoid the feeling lazy to feed on shrimp, because when rain the shrimps also require feed to be consumed.</div><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Seawater and river water as a common water any time could change related to its conditions and quality caused by surrounding environmental factor, weather, climate or human activities on these waters. The Changes that occur in sea water and river water if not monitored carefully can cause problems for shrimp farming especially for pond water quality management activities. Changes in water quality will cause the shock of ponds water quality as well as shocks to the shrimp within it.<br />
<br />
Monitoring activities of water sources of shrimp pond should be performed at least once a day. This activity can be done through visual observation against any possible changes that occur in sea water or river compared with the previous condition. A conditions that should really pay attention is if happen a very drastic change accompanied by changes in behavior of some biota of these water (the biota seen floating on water surface even at extreme conditions seen many dead biota). This condition indicates there has been an extreme change in water quality that caused mortality for aquatic biota. In this condition should not be carried out water input activity to the pond until the condition and quality of sea water or river back to normal.<br />
<br />
Based on the above description it can be said that the activities of monitoring the quality of source water is as important as pond water quality management activities itself. In an effort to anticipate the negative impact caused by a change in the quality of sea water or river, hence should be avoided conduct sea / river water input into the pond directly. As an effort to get the water input that can be controlled of its quality, then in shrimp farming, technically should be provided a water reservoir.<br />
<br />
A philosophy that needs to kept in mind is <i>the shrimp comes from the sea, look at the changes that happen at sea ... then observe the changes what will happen on shrimp</i><br />
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Trobos, 1 Agustus 2010<br />
<br />
The spirit and love of Endi Muchtarudin to windu shrimp (windu) or Penaeus Monodon should be appreciated. Although today many farmers are shifting to raise vannamei shrimp (vannamei), the experienced windu farmer from Karawang remains with his farming.<a name='more'></a><div style="width: 500px;"><div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px;"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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He then told, in the 1980s until 2000 windu really reached its glory, but since 2000 this glory disappeared.<br />
<br />
"At the time was the windu pond was attacked by white spot virus rendering the decrease in its production," said Endi quietly about the cause the sluggish windu raising in recent years.<br />
<br />
Now 7 hectares of his land area for windu pond is used as a place of study and research of windu. "I want windu revives. I therefore invited researchers to examine the windu farming in my pond," said Endi.<br />
<br />
For Endi, windu is the Indonesian indegenous national shrimp and it is a must for shrimp farmers to increase its bargaining power. "People overseas also recognize that our windu is more delicious," said Endi with the full spirit of nationalism. According him, small profit margins and considerable risks are reason of many farmers to shift to vannamei shrimp.<br />
<br />
He explained, the production costs of windu currently ranges from Rp 40.000-50000 per kg, while the selling price of 40 heads per kg for the local market is only Rp 55.000, so the profit margin is about Rp 5.000 – 15.000 per kg.<br />
<br />
"For those farmers, such margin is less proportional to the high risk in the cultivation process that is still haunted by disease and low productivity degree. But they did not realize that when it is sold for export, the price per kg in the ponds may reach US$ 9.2 or about Rp 90.000 per kg, "he said confidently that windu is still prospective.<br />
<br />
Adding to the statement of Endi, Ketut Sugama - Director of Cultivated Fishery Raising (Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries) argued, productivity is one of reasons for many farmers shifting to vannamei windu. Please imagine, per plot of vannamei may yield up to 20 tons, while windu is only 2 tonnes. It means that the productivity of windu is one tenth of vannamei. "Although the price is higher than vannamei, but farmers are business oriented and they prefer the most profitable one based on the productivity and demand," he explained.<br />
<br />
Director of Cultivated Fishery Proudction, Iskandar Ismanadji, agreed with the explanation of Endi and Ketut. According to him, windu farmers could not wait any longer the revival of windu and as the final alternative solution they ultimately choose vannamei.<br />
<br />
"Now there are only fanatical windu farmers left. But I'm sure that those already shifting will back to windu again. So, we slowly introduce polyculture to them. This is simple cultivation technology but having added value since besides yielding windu, bandeng fish and seaweed Gracilaria can also be produced, "he said convincingly.<br />
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As described in previous discussions, the shrimp farming as technically is closely related to water quality management. In this discussion, the dominant factor of water quality is the transparency of a pond waters.<a name='more'></a><div style="width: 500px;"><div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px;"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Ideally, the transparency of pond waters in one period is penetrate to pond bottom / high transparency level (in the early of the first month phase) until the transparency to 30 cm - 45 cm at the time of entering the second month phase until the shrimp are considered worthy to be harvested (upon implementation, the level of water transparency should still pay attention to the needs of the shrimp.<br />
<br />
The above concept in its application often does not match the expected idealism caused by external factors and internal factors. One of the frequently encountered phenomenons related to these conditions is the transparency of the pond waters are difficult to be formed especially in the first months phase so that the pond water looks clear like an aquarium. In this condition, the life and activities of shrimp (including other biota) will be very clear to see.<br />
<br />
The phenomena of shrimp pond such as an aquarium (at first months phase) can occur for a variety of factors, among others:<br />
<ol><li>Fry stocking land preparation was done by inadequate, so the prepared pond waters ponds are less / not contain the seeds of plankton as a determining factor to the transparency of the pond waters.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>A growth of moss on pond waters when the water transparency level conditions are still difficult to form. The moss will flourish because supported by a penetration of sunlight to the pond bottom.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>A growth of aquatic biota as a plankton feeder (usually the type of shellfish). Plankton feeder will consume plankton in these waters for significantly so that its will reduce populations of plankton.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>The condition of pond water source at the time is very minimal content plankton seeds so it is not able to supply seeds of plankton into the pond waters.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>When the condition of no. 1 to no. 4 above, the cultivation technical treatment in the form of fertilizer in order to stimulate plankton growth will be in vain. Continuous fertilizer on these conditions will only make the moss becomes more fertile and in certain condition it can come up with the phenomenon of plankton camouflage, i.e. greenish pond water as if there has been growth of plankton, but in fact these waters is no contain plankton seed anymore.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>At the time of pond waters is difficult to set up, it can cause shrimp pond such as aquarium.</li>
</ol>Shrimp pond conditions such as an aquarium on a long term significant impact on the shrimp uniformity level. Shrimp populations in these conditions will result in highly variable of uniformity shrimp level, thus its will cause the decline of the shrimp population indirectly due to cannibalism process undertaken by larger shrimps prey on smaller sized shrimps.<br />
<br />
The alternative cultivation technical treatments that can be conducted to overcome the above issues are among others:<br />
<ol><li>Stop the fertilizer at the time of pond waters indicated have not plankton seeds.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Perform cleaning of the moss and plankton feeder biota manually until both of the populations considered to be reduced significantly<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Perform a process of replacing of the pond waters in large volumes. In an effort to reduce the shocks to the waters, the process of replacing of this water should be conducted through water circulation with process of water input and water output conducted at a time, but its conditioned to the volume of output waters is greater than the volume of water input.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Perform the process of no. 3 above to low pond water levels.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Perform plankton seed inoculation process from other ponds that contain seeds plankton considered stable and well into the plot of a pond that will be grown its plankton seeds. Plankton seeds inoculation process can be done with supported by a water hose tool (the discussion related to water inoculation has been described in previous discussions.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>During water inoculation process, perform fertilizer to spur the plankton seeds growth that had been inoculated.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Make the process of no. 5 and no. 6 mentioned above until the condition of the pond waters indicated has grown its plankton seeds accompanied by a waterwheel operation optimally.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Perform a process of adding the pond water volume gradually until at a certain height, so that the plankton seeds which are begin to grow is not shaken.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Perform a careful monitoring to plankton seeds growth in the pond waters.</li>
</ol><br />
The processes mentioned above should be carried out during fine weather conditions in order to maximize the growth of plankton seeds with accelerated by sunlight. The above discussion is expected to be used as a basic understanding by the perpetrators of shrimp farming, in order not to let the pond shrimp like as an aquarium, so all kinds of life and activities of organisms that exist in it can be seen clearly.<br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/12/shrimp-seed-fry-dispersing-process-01.html">Shrimp Seeds (Fry) Dispersing Process 01 – Background</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/08/pond-water-transparency-03-indicators.html">Pond Water Transparency – 03 – Indicators at Shrimps </a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/08/pond-water-transparency-02-transparency.html">Pond Water Transparency – 02 – Transparency Level</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/08/pond-water-transparency-01-background.html">Pond Water Transparency – 01 - Background</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/08/pond-water-color-03-criterias.html">Pond Water Color – 03 – The Criteria</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/dust-within-pond-waters.html">“Dust” Within Pond Waters</a><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">Source : <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJ9PpsHXtvo&feature=related">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJ9PpsHXtvo&feature=related</a></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Referring to the rationale, the perpetrators of shrimp farming, especially the pond technicians need to decision making skills related to the level of profit and losses that will be obtained, if at a certain moment there is a problem that occurs during the process of shrimp cultivation.<br />
<br />
The third months phase is a critical phase in a shrimp farming with the following rationales:<br />
<div class="fullpost"><ol><li>During third months phase, the shrimp was about 70-100 days old with an average body weight about 10 grams - 15 grams in a normal condition. At moment, the price of shrimp is still not optimal, so if the shrimps were harvested at the time, then the total sale price has not been able to provide the optimal level of benefits too.<br />
</li>
<li>The third months phase a time of beginning of the increased use of shrimp feed drastically, so this phase can be considered as a critical point as the increase in production costs drastically. As mentioned in previous discussions, the shrimp feed is the largest contributor to the cost of production in a shrimp farming.</li>
</ol>Referring to two rationales above, if during third months phase shrimp affected to a problem, it needs an appropriate decision making in order not to cause huge losses level.<br />
<br />
Some factors that can be used as the basis for decision making are as follows:<br />
<ol><li>Level of problems that occur<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Estimated population of shrimp at that time and the next phases if the problems that occur can be overcome.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Estimated rates of return in financial terms through the calculation of the total sale price of obtained shrimps minus the total production cost (including costs which are already incurred for the purchase of shrimp feed).</li>
</ol>Based on the three factors mentioned above, if the shrimps affected to problems at the third months, the action needed is to take quick and appropriate decisions, associated with the decision of continued or not continued for the process of shrimp culture in this period, in order to the level of losses obtained can be minimized.<br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2009/05/practical-recognizing-to-quality-of.html">Practical Recognizing To Quality of Shrimp Feed</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2009/04/dont-be-trapped-with-fcr-food.html">Don’t Be Trapped With FCR (Food Conversion Ratio) Target</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/05/shrimp-feeding-management-program_12.html">Shrimp Feeding Management Program – Logical Basic</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/05/shrimp-feeding-management-program.html">Shrimp Feeding Management Program – Background</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/01/why-does-shrimps-convoy-mengapa-udang.html">Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?</a></li>
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In a simple, a layout of waterwheels can be interpreted as waterwheel arrangement concerning the number and position of its. At the time operated waterwheels, rounds of waterwheel is expected to produce whirlpool which its can reduce the difference in water quality characteristics in a pond either vertically or horizontally.<br />
<br />
Some fundamental things that need to be considered in planning the layout of the waterwheels on a a plot of pond, among others, are as follows:<br />
<br />
<div class="fullpost"><ol><li>The number of waterwheels to be used must consider to age of shrimps and the population density of shrimps ina pond. At shrimp fry period (small shrimp), the number of waterwheels that are used are usually less than that of large size shrimp. In addition, a plot of shrimp ponds with a high density level required amount more waterwheels compared to a plot of shrimp ponds that have low levels density. In certain condition, amount of waterwheels can be adjusted with the level of shrimp demand at that time.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>The combination of the waterwheels position in a certain amount on a plot of a pond also should be able to generate the whirlpool that is able to direct the sewage pond bottom to the central of outlet channels. Related to this matter, so a determining to the correct position of the waterwheels will be able to assist in the cleaning process of pond bottom. Position of the waterwheels direction depends on the design and construction of plot of pond which is used, so the position and direction of the waterwheels that are applied can differ among ponds each other.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Waterwheel poles construction must be really strong and stable, so when the waterwheels operated water does not cause new problems in the process of shrimp culture.</li>
</ol>Referring to the three basic points mentioned above and the basic understanding related to roles and functions of waterwheels in shrimp ponds, it is expected that the water wheel can be operated in an optimal, effective and efficient. Conversely, the layout of waterwheels which is applied carelessly it can be obstacles and problems in a process of shrimp culture.<br />
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Pond water ecosystem balance is expected to create a comfortable and safe environment for the shrimps as in natural ecosystems.<br />
<br />
One of the facilities that have a very important role in creating conditions of pond water (especially at the scale intensive of shrimp farming) as described above, is waterwheel. A basic understanding which is related to the role and function of waterwheel in the operational of shrimp ponds is necessary, in order for the water wheel key roles can be played. Inadequate understanding of the waterwheel, it will only be functioning waterwheel as an accessory of ponds. In the field, there are lots of models are found waterwheel issued by the manufacturers (in this discussion will not be described related knowledge and technical specifications and models of the waterwheel).<br />
<br />
<div class="fullpost">Fundamentally, the functions of waterwheels in operational of shrimp culture were as follows:<br />
<ol><li>As a supplier of oxygen in the pond waters. As explained in the foregoing discussion that in a pond waters ecosystem, the oxygen demand has been supplied by phytoplankton but the oxygen requirement will not be sufficient for the biota and the processes that occur within it. Oxygen in the pond water is needed not only in the process of respiration (breathing) but also required in the processes of physics, chemistry and biology that occurs in these waters.<br />
<br />
The presence of waterwheel s in the pond waters are expected to support and anticipate the lack of oxygen that can occur at a given time in these waters. <br />
<br />
</li>
<li>To support the process of mixing characteristics between the upper and the bottom layer of the pond waters. As a static waters and have a certain height, then a pond waters if in silent conditions will have different characteristics between the upper and bottom layers. The differences in the characteristics of these waters, if not anticipated immediately to endanger the life of shrimps within it.<br />
<br />
The operation of the waterwheels are expected to support anticipate the occurrence of a sufficiently striking differences between the layers of pond water, so that the produced water quality is relatively similar between layers of pond water.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>To support in the water fertilization process. Fertilization activities carried out as efforts to establish water quality associated with water transparency and pond waters color by stimulating phytoplankton growth to a more stable.<br />
<br />
Operation of the waterwheels are expected to support the process of spreading fertilizer evenly in the pond waters as well as stimulate the growth of plankton through the oxygen it produces.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>To support in directing sewage disposal of pond waters to the central of outlet channels, so that will facilitate the process of pond bottom cleaning. Waterwheel functions related to this matter things are closely with the layout of waterwheels in the pond.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>At the time of operation of the waterwheel, the surface water flows generated by the waterwheels can be used as one indicator of the water quality stability of in the pond (its has been described in the foregoing discussion).</li>
</ol>Discussion on the role and function of the waterwheels like the above explanation is expected to provide a basic understanding of waterwheel, so that in its operation can function optimally and not just be more accessories of shrimp pond……<br />
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As an artificial ecosystem, hence the forming components and interactions that occur in a shrimp pond water ecosystem are strongly influenced by technical treatment conducted / applied to these waters.<br />
<br />
Like a natural ecosystem, in a shrimp pond water ecosystem that has been formed, the organisms in the community growing along with the physical environment as a system. Organisms will adapt to the physical environment, otherwise the organism also affects the physical environment for living.<br />
<br />
Reviewed based on its components, pond water ecosystem is also composed by compiler components which are interacting and influence each other (in this discussion, the components of the ecosystem will be described in implicated so easily understood in its implementation). The compiler components are as follows:<br />
<div class="fullpost"><ol><li>Plot of a pond and pond waters as media and substrates for the life or environment for the biota living within its. Plot of a pond has a role as a substrate where the habitat of living for shrimps and other aquatic biota. In addition, the plot of a pond acts as a water reservoir media and interact with the give and take of nutrients into and out of the waters, also collectively support the chemical and biological processes in one unit of pond waters ecosystem.<br />
<br />
Pond waters are more dynamic than the plot of a pond because in these waters is happen a complex physical, chemical and biochemical reactions. The reactions of physics and chemistry can be considered as abiotic components of pond waters ecosystem.<br />
<br />
As a closed water ecosystem then the characteristics of pond plot and pond waters have a very strategic aspect to be conditioned such a natural waters ecosystem through implementation of the shrimp cultivation technical.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Phytoplankton in a pond waters is an autotrophic component because it can make their own food from inorganic substances with the help from energy such as sunlight (photo-autotroph) and chemicals (chemo-autotroph). This type of plankton has a very important role in determining the stability of pond water ecosystem. Indicators of pond waters quality (water transparency, water color, pond bottom condition) are strongly influenced by the stability of the phytoplankton (in certain conditions also influenced by the type of zooplankton) in the waters.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Shrimp and type of pond water organism can be said as fagotrophic at once heterotrophic components (macro consumer) because it uses organic ingredients supplied by other organisms as their food.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>In addition to the above three components, in pond water ecosystem are also found decomposer component which decomposing the organic material from dead organisms. In the pond waters, In the pond waters, there are two alternatives effects of the decomposition process that are detrimental or beneficial to the shrimps and the organisms / biota that live in these waters.<br />
<br />
Decomposition process will be advantageous if the aquatic ecosystem in a balanced and stable condition because the process of interaction among components of the ecosystem will support each other. Meanwhile, if the waters ecosystem in a unbalanced and unstable conditions, then the decomposition process can be dangerous for shrimps and biota / other organism that lives in these waters.</li>
</ol>Referring to the understanding of pond waters ecosystem as described above, it is expected that in the management of shrimp culture, especially in the cultivation technical implementation should be through an ecosystem approach, there is direct and maintain the pond waters in an equilibrium condition with due regard to the levels of need and comfort of the shrimps.<br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/foamy-pond-waters.html">Foamy Pond Waters</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/importance-of-water-reservoir.html">The Importance of Water Reservoir</a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/01/why-does-shrimps-convoy-mengapa-udang.html">Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?</a></li>
</ol></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Referring to the above understanding, then one of the used technologies in shrimp farming is through a balanced aquatic ecosystem approach in a pond which is consistent with the natural environment of shrimp-itself. The basic principle of this approach is if one element of compilers of pond waters ecosystem is disrupted, then there will be an imbalance of these ecosystems an so that will eventually cause problems for shrimp. <br />
<div class="fullpost"><br />
The approaches related to pond waters as an ecosystem is an aspect that needs to be understood by the perpetrators of shrimp farming in order to management system which are conducted more directed at how to maintain a balance of these ecosystems that will ultimately lead to the sustainability principles.<br />
<br />
In this discussion will put more emphasis on understanding the ecosystem in general and pond waters ecosystem and relationship among the components of compiler which are contain within it.<br />
<br />
<b>A. Understanding of Ecosystem </b><br />
<br />
By definition, ecosystems can be interpreted as special circumstances where a community of living organisms and no life organism’s components in an environment that are interact with each other. Ecosystem is one part of ecology, understanding of ecology itself is a science about reciprocal relationship between living organisms and the (conditions of) natural surroundings (environment).<br />
<br />
Furthermore ecosystems can be interpreted as an ecological system formed by the inseparable reciprocal relationship among living organisms with their environment. Ecosystems can be in say an order of unity as well as intact and comprehensive between all the environmental elements that influence each other.<br />
<br />
Ecosystem is the combination of each bio-system unit which is involving the reciprocal interaction between organisms and the physical environment so that energy flow leads to a certain biotic structures and there is occur a cycle of materials between organisms and non-organisms. The sun as the source of all existing energy.<br />
<br />
In an ecosystem, organisms in the community are growing along with the physical environment as a system. Organisms will adapt to the physical environment, otherwise the organism also affects the physical environment for living.<br />
<br />
The presence, abundance and distribution of a species in the ecosystem determined by the level of resource availability and chemical factors and physical conditions which must be within the range that can be tolerated by the species.<br />
<br />
<b>B. Components to Build An Ecosystem</b><br />
<br />
Referring to the above understanding, accordingly an ecosystem composed by compiler components that interact and affect each other. All these components are in one place and interact to form a unity of regular ecosystems. Compiler components contained in an ecosystem in general are as follows:<br />
<ol><li>Abiotic components, there is the physical and chemical components which is a medium or substrate as space for life, or the environment to live. Most of the abiotic components are vary in space and time.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Autotroph components, which are consists of organisms that can make their own food from inorganic substances with energy support such as sunlight (photoautotroph) and chemicals (chemoautotroph). Autotroph components has role as producer, the components classified on autotroph are the plants which has chlorophyll.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Heterotroph components, which are consists organisms that use organic ingredients provided by other organisms as their food. Heterotroph component also called as macro consumer (fagotroph) because their are consume smaller food.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Decomposer Components, which are decompose an organic materials from dead organisms. Decomposer also called as macro consumers (sapotroph) because their are consume a bigger food. Decomposer organisms are absorbs some of the results of these decomposition and release simple materials that can be reused by the producers. Organisms which classified as decomposer are bacteria and fungi. There is also detritivora there is a decomposing animal that eat remnants of organic material.<br />
<br />
There are three types of decomposition: (i) aerobic; oxygen is an electron / oxidant acceptor, (ii) anaerobic: oxygen is not involved. Organic material as electron / oxidant acceptor, and (iii) Fermentation: anaerobic but also oxidize organic materials as electron acceptor.</li>
</ol><b>C. Mutual Dependence Between Components</b><br />
<br />
Dependences between biotic components can occur through:<br />
<ol><li>Food chain, there is a displacement of matter and energy through the process of eating and eaten with a specific sequence. Each level of the food chain is called as level of trophic. Because the first organisms which capable to produce food substances are plants, then the level of first trophic always occupied by green plants or producers. The next level is second trophic which composed of plant-eating animals which are usually called as primary consumers. The animal that are consume to primary consumer is the third trophic level which are consists of carnivorous animals. Any exchange of energy from one level of trophic to other trophicswill cause some of that energy will be lost.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Food webs, namely food chains that are interconnected with one another in such a way so to form such as webs. Food webs occur because each species of living creatures not only eat one kind of other living creatures.</li>
</ol>The basic understanding associated with ecosystems such as the above explanation is knowledge that can be used as a rationale in the management of shrimp farming as technically.<br />
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Related Post :</span><br />
<ol><li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/pond-waters-quality-management-02.html">Pond Water Transparency -1 </a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/pond-waters-quality-management-02.html">Pond Water Quality Management - Concept 02</a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/pond-waters-quality-management-01.html">Pond Water Quality Management - 01</a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/phosphorescency-pond-waters.html">Phosphorescency Pond Waters</a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/04/dust-within-pond-waters.html">“Dust” Within Pond Waters</a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/02/beware-of-rainy-season-waspada-terhadap.html">Beware of The Rainy Season</a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/foamy-pond-waters.html">Foamy Pond Waters</a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/03/importance-of-water-reservoir.html">The Importance of Water Reservoir</a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/01/why-does-shrimps-convoy-mengapa-udang.html">Why Does The Shrimps Convoy ?</a></li>
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www.wwf.or.id<br />
<br />
Shrimp Aquaculture Dialogue (ShAD) Forum holds a two-day meeting in Jakarta to obtain public comments on Global Shrimp Aquaculture Standard draft.This meeting is a part of public comment stage, which was started formally on 1 March 2010. <a name='more'></a><div style="width: 500px;"><div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-right: 5px; margin-top: 0px;"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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The comments from the public are really needed to ensure that the approved final document meet the needs to deal with the shrimp aquaculture’s environmental and social negative impacts.<br />
<br />
“Indonesia’s participation in this Shrimp Aquaculture Dialogue forum is very important in achieving our target of environmentally-friendly shrimp aquaculture products,” said Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries’ Director General of Aquaculture Fisheries, Dr. Made L. Nurdjana, in his opening remarks.<br />
<div class="fullpost"><br />
As one of the biggest aquaculture shrimp producers in the world, Indonesia really needs to be involved in the process towards shrimp aquaculture standardisation. Based on the Indonesian government’s policy for optimum production, the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries has set the target of 74.75 production increment from 400,000 tonnes to 699,000 tonnes for 2010-2014. The target will be met through intensive aquaculture practices to avoid further environmental destructions due to mangrove conversion for aquaculture businesses.<br />
<br />
According to WWF-Indonesia Aquaculture Programme Coordinator Cut Desyana, the Shrimp Aquaculture Dialogue is an important forum for global and Indonesia shrimp aquaculture industry, "The importing countries in Europa and America really need products which meet the environmental and social criteria. This Shrimp Aquaculture Dialogue is expected to produce the much awaited environmental and social standard.”<br />
<br />
She added, the shrimp aquaculture’s impacts will be much more measurable through this standard. Furthermore, by implementing the standard, Indonesian shrimp products will be of good quality and have minimum impacts to the environment, biodiversity and local communities.<br />
<br />
WWF-Indonesia Marine Program Director Wawan Ridwan reiterated WWF’s commitment in safeguarding the Standard’s drafting process, “WWF is really serious in mainstreaming the process. We are aware of the importance of protecting our precious natural resources as well as meeting the needs for increasing the revenue of aquaculture fishery products. Hence, preparing and meeting the Standard are important steps to ensure that Indonesian products have the highest economic value in the global market,” he said.<br />
<br />
The Shrimp Aquaculture Standard will become the first global standard which is resulted from an open and transparent process which meets the international guide to standardisation process developed by the International Social and Environmental Accreditation and Labelling Alliance-ISEAL. WWF, which coordinates the whole process of the Aquaculture Dialogue, is the only ISEAL member that currently works to formulate the shrimp aquaculture standard.<br />
<br />
The public comments obtained during the 60-day public comment period will be used by ShAD Global Steering Committee to revise the Standard draft before it is published in the last period of the public comment stage. The final result of the global shrimp aquaculture standard is expected to be ready by the end of this year.<br />
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Source: <a href="http://www.wwf.or.id/en/?18400/Langkah-penting-menuju-standar-global-budidaya-udang-briPertemuan-Shrimp-Aquaculture-Dialogue-ShAD-digelar-di-Jakarta-i"><b>www.wwf.or.id</b></a></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Unlike the technical proposal, a financial proposal substantially is simpler because it only contains a costs requirements and it’s more in the formulation and calculation of cost allocation. As noted in previous discussions, a financial proposal must be based on cost reasonableness principle, which means its preparation is based on reasonable prices that prevail in certain areas and at certain times.<br />
<br />
In general, the financial proposal document consists of:<br />
<div class="fullpost"><ol><li>Letter of financial submission from the proposed activities that mentions a proposed total costs to implement the proposed activities.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Summary / recap of total costs which necessary in implementation of proposed activities.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Break-down of costs allocation based on stage sand type of activities will undertaken.<br />
</li>
</ol>While as substance, the financial proposal describes the used costs allocation for:<br />
<ol><li>Remuneration and operational allowances (mobilization / demobilization, transportation, communication, etc.) of personnel involved in the proposed activities were based on the time allocation of personnel involvement.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Cost of activities implementation i.e. procurement, coordination, administration, reporting and other activities as listed in the technical proposal.<br />
</li>
</ol>A financial proposal is presented in tabulated form (except item no.1) which also contains a budget allocations for the implementation of activities during the period of time specified. Some items that need to be included in preparing the tabulation of cost allocation is as follows:<br />
<ol><li>Description of cost allocation. In this item, list the substances used in allocation of costs (remuneration, personnel allowances, procurement, administration, etc.) are described according to their respective sub-items that are necessary.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Unit. This item describes the unit of budget allocation items, for example, for remuneration allocations (salary / wages), its unit is the person-days(PD) or person-month (PM)<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Quantity. This item describes a needed amount for each item of activities in the activities implementation.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Unit price. This item describes the amount of price for each unit (item no.2) obtained based on the price prevailing at a location and at a certain time period<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Total price. This item was obtained by multiplying the quantity (item no 3) by unit price (item no.4).</li>
</ol>The basic principles that need to be understood in the formulation of a financialt proposal is: perform price survey at location of the proposed activities. This needs to be done because between one region to another would differ in price. Additionally, a cost proposal to be prepared carefully especially in the counting process mathematically. Do not let the financial proposals that have been prepared only lead to the implementers of activities at a disadvantage, so that it can cause a decrease in quality of produced work.<br />
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Related Post :</span><br />
<ol><li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2010/05/proposal-preparation-of-shrimp-farming_07.html">Proposal Preparation of Shrimp Farming 02 – Technical Proposal</a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2010/05/proposal-preparation-of-shrimp-farming.html">Proposal Preparation of Shrimp Farming 01 - Basic Understanding</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/02/shrimp-culture-area-development-5.html">Shrimp Culture Area Development - (5) - Shrimp Culture Equipment Approach</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/02/shrimp-culture-area-development-4.html">Shrimp Culture Area Development - (4)- Shrimp Culture Technically Approach</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/02/shrimp-culture-area-development-3.html">Shrimp Culture Area Development - (3) - Area Approach (Micro)</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/02/shrimp-culture-area-development-2.html">Shrimp Culture Area Development - (2) - Area Approach (Macro) - Water Resources</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2008/01/shrimp-culture-area-development.html">Shrimp Culture Area Development - (1) - Area Approach (Macro) - Land</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2007/12/arrangement-of-partnership-on-shrimp.html">Arrangement of Partnership on Shrimp Culture Development Program - Logical Frame Work</a><br />
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<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2007/11/logical-basic-dasar-pemikiran-shrimp.html">Partnership System Concept on Shrimp Culture - (2) - Logical Basic</a><br />
</li>
<li><a href="http://marindro.blogspot.com/2007/11/partnership-system-concept-on.html">PPartnership System Concept on Shrimp Culture - (1) - Background</a></li>
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starting from preparation stage to completion stage of work (in certain activities even till to post-completion stage of work). Based on the above description, it can be said that a technical proposal can reflect the skills / expertise / professionalism of the party who filed the proposed activity.<br />
<br />
In an effort to produce a technical proposal that systematic, focused and logical then need to be designed writing outline of technical proposals. The writing outline that used for a tender purpose is usually determined by the tender committee in accordance with requirements documents. In general, used outline of the technical proposal are among others:<br />
<div class="fullpost"><ol><li>Introduction, which includes background, objectives, scope of work, expected output, time period and location of activities.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Understanding of the proposed activities.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Approaches and methodologies used in activities implementation.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Organization of personnel team.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Work plan and work schedule.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Profile of the parties who will carry out these activities (optional).<br />
</li>
</ol>In more detailed explanation about the technical proposal outline mentioned above will be described in discussion below.<br />
<br />
<b>A. Introduction</b><br />
<ol><li><i>Background</i>. In this section, describe clearly some things that become a background of the proposed activities (regulation, policy, development plans, both national and local area, etc.)<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>Objectives</i>. In this section, describe the purpose of proposed activities so that it can be seen any tangible benefits from these activities.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>Scope of Work</i>. In this section, describe the scope of activities to be undertaken to achieve the intended objectives.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>Outputs</i>. In this section, describe about the expected results after the proposed activities are completed. In addition, this section would be great if added outcome (long-term output) in order to see the benefits of the proposed activities also have long-term impacts.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>Time period</i>. In this section describes the length and time limits for conducting the proposed activities.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><i>Location of Activities</i>. In this section describes the location / place of the proposed activity.</li>
</ol><b>B. Understanding the Proposed Activities</b><br />
<br />
Although this section is optional, but in preparation of technical proposal this part , should be included as a strategy and justification that we understand very well what will be done in carrying out these activities. Understanding of the proposed activities, in general includes: (i) understanding of the policies of both national and regional development, (ii) understanding the scope of activities in general (specifically should be addressed in part the approach and methodology), and (iii) understanding of activities related to geographical location, potential and constraints of local resources, as well as data and information related to the proposed activity areas.<br />
<br />
<b>C. Used approaches and methodologies</b><br />
<br />
Approaches and methodology can be considered as a "soul" of a technical proposal, because it "represents" our ability in carrying out the proposed activities as effective, efficient, acceptable and satisfies to all parties concerned.<br />
<br />
Some aspects that need to be displayed in this section, among others, are as follows:<br />
<ol><li>Approaches. This section is more emphasis on "what" that can be used as a rationale in implementation of this proposed activities. Proposed approach can be a regulatory approach to "umbrella" of legality, both national and local, areas approach (accessibilities, acceptabilities, potencies and constraints, etc.) as well as fundamental theoretical approach in the preparation methodology.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Logical Framework. This section is a framework of activities implementation, connecting between purposes, approach, process, output and outcome of this proposed activity. Logical framework in the technical proposals is used as reference in methodology preparation to be applied and its presentation is usually in the form of tabulations or flowcharts.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Methodology. Preparation of a methodology should be done after the logical framework has been completed, so the methodology can be more systematic, focused and logic in accordance with the stages of proposed activities implementation</li>
</ol>As a "soul" of the technical proposal the approach and methodology shall be recommended was developed by the parties who have expertise associated with these proposed activities.<br />
<br />
<b>Organization of personnel team</b><br />
<br />
This section describes the needs of personnel as implementers of activities arranged based on required duties and skills in implementing of the proposed activities. Also would be great if we can describe the organizational structure of the personnel team so it can be seen the flows of coordination and responsibility of the team's.<br />
<br />
<b>Work Plan and Work Schedule</b><br />
<br />
A work plan is a translation of the methodology based on the work stages from preparation, implementation of work until the completion of the work (in a particular also requested the reporting stage). This section also described the involvement of personnel needed in each stage of the work.<br />
<br />
The work schedule is a description associated with the stages and activities based on time allocation in accordance with certain time limits have been determined. This schedule is usually expressed through the tabulation in the bar chart form.<br />
<br />
<b>Profile of who will carry out activities</b><br />
<br />
Although it’s are optional, in the technical proposal also should show the profile of the party who will carry out the proposed activities. Based on this section the clients know the experience and ability of the implementer candidates of these activities.<br />
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The outline composition like mentioned above is not absolute because it depends on the "taste" of each relevant parties.<br />
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</ol></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer"><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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Understanding of proposals is a plan as outlined in the draft form of work (that project has not been approved by the client). Referring to these definitions, in a simple, notion of the shrimp farming proposal is a planned construction / development of shrimp farming to be carried out in an area and specified at time period proposed to agencies / private sectors/ organizations as a potential funders in order to finance the proposed these activities.<br />
<br />
<div class="fullpost">Viewed from its procurement systems, a proposal document may be filed based on:<br />
<ol><li>A prepared proposal documents based on <b>tender/auction</b> system held by the agencies / private sectors / organizations. In this system, each of the bidders who have passed a qualification phase will be invited to submit the proposal documents (technical and cost). Usually, the substance of the proposals has been determined based on terms of reference, so the proposal document must accommodate that terms of reference.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li>Proposal document based on <b>initiative</b> of individuals / publics / organizations / groups who see an opportunity of a business / activities that can be developed in an area. This proposal document then offered to institutions/private that can be expected funders from this proposed activity.</li>
</ol>In the substance of a proposal usually consists of two kinds, there are:<br />
<ol><li><b>Technical Proposal</b>, there is a proposal document containing descriptions of proposed activities related to (i) background that also includes the objectives, scope of work, the scope of areas, expected results / outputs, (i) understanding of the activities to be undertaken, (ii) approaches and methodology to be used, (iii) the composition of personnel who will be involved and a description of their duties, (iv) work plan, and (v) work schedule.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><b>Costs Proposal</b>, there is a document containing proposals on the description of the cost needs to be issued in the implementation of activities in accordance with the technical proposal document.</li>
</ol>Both types of proposals mentioned above, in the preparation should be contained a logical fit with each other so that the proposed activity s a reasonable activity to be carried out. Refers to the substance, then a proposal should be prepared by the party who really understand the scope of controlled substances and the work to be done.<br />
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A few fundamental principles that need to be considered in the preparation of a proposal include the following:<br />
<ol><li><b>Systematic</b>. A proposal should be prepared in a systematic way so that the flow of activities and the proposed allocation of costs is more easily understood by the client, so expected the proposal if reads firstly, it would "stimulate 'to continue until the end of the proposal.<br />
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</li>
<li><b>Focus</b>. A preparation of the proposal must be focused on proposed project that delivered, primarily that related to the scope of work, the scope of the area, and the used methodology. Proposals that do not focus would obscure the real essence of substance.<br />
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</li>
<li><b>Logic</b>. A proposal must be logically related to a correlation between the objectives, scope of work, methodology and expected results. Illogical proposals will only be shown on the clients that we did not control and do not understand the substance of this proposed activity.<br />
<br />
</li>
<li><b>Fairly</b>. This principle is further emphasized in the costs proposal preparation refers to the technical proposal. Submitted cost proposal should be based on reasonable prices that prevail in certain areas and at certain times. Although the submitted technical proposals had to meet the three items principles above mentioned, but if the proposed costs are not fair then submitted proposals will be considered as something that is not feasible to do.</li>
</ol>Understanding of the activities proposal preparation principles as mentioned above is expected to be basis for shrimp farming implementors in preparing a good activity proposal that is expected to further promote shrimp farming in Indonesia.<br />
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Related Post :</span><br />
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